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A biologically-based dose-response model for developmental toxicology Author: Leroux, B.G., Other Author(s): W.M. Leisenring, S.H. Moolgavkar, and E.M. Faustman. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Risk Analysis 16(4): 449-458. Abstract: The methods currently used to evaluate the risk of developmental defects in humans from exposure to potential toxic agents do not reflect biological processes in extrapolating estimated risks to low doses and from test species to humans. We develop a mathematical model to describe aspects of the dynamic process of organogenesis, based on branching process models of cell kinetics. The biological information that can be incorporated into the model includes timing and rates of dynamic cell processes such as differentiation, migration, growth, and replication. The dose-response models produced can explain patterns of malformation rates as a function of both dose and time of exposure, resulting in improvements in risk assessment and understanding of the underlying mechanistic processes. To illustrate the use of the model, we apply it to the prediction of the effects of methylinercury on brain development in rats. |
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A canine model of familial mammary gland neoplasia Author: Schafer, K.A., Other Author(s): G. Kelly, R. Schrader, W.C. Griffith, B.A. Muggenburg. L.A. Tierney, J.F. Lechner, E.B. Janovitz, and F.F. Hahn. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Veterinary Pathology 35: 168-177. Abstract: Intact female Beagles from life-span studies in the Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute colony were examined for mammary tumor incidence. The breeding colony, founded in 1963, produced five generations from 28 founder females. After proportional hazards analysis, two maternal families were shown to have markedly different phenotypes, one susceptible and one resistant to mammary neoplasia, as compared with the entire colony. When tumors were subdivided into benign and malignant based on local invasiveness, familial differences in tumor incidence were preserved for each tumor type. Fifty-seven females in the susceptible family developed 149 benign and 39 malignant tumors, and 95 females in the resistant family developed 70 benign and 20 malignant tumors. The ratio of benign to malignant tumors of about 4:1 for both families was higher than expected. Using Kaplan-Mcier and log-rank analyses, the susceptible family had a 50% malignant tumor incidence by age 13.6 years, whereas the resistant family did not have a 50% incidence until 17.0 years (P = 0.0065). Because of marked censoring, Kaplan-Meier analyses could not provide an estimate of the 50% benign tumor incidence; mean incidence age was calculated instead. These estimates for benign tumors for susceptible and resistant families were 10.8 and 13.8 years (,P = 0.0001), respectively. Using X^2 tests, families had no differences in the occurrence of the types of benign (P = 0.098) or malignant (P = 0.194) tumors or in the ratio of benign to malignant tumors (P = 0.778). Immunohistocheniical analysis of malignant tumors ftom both families did not demonstrate differences in p53 mutation rate or pl85^erbB-2 expression. These results suggest that 1) genetic factors produce familial differences in the age of onset of both benign and malignant mammary tumors; histologic types do not segregate by family; 2) the ratio of benign to malignant tlunors is greater than formerly reported; and 3) neither p53 nor pl85^erbB-2 alterations are the basis for the familial predisposition. |
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A comparison of on-site hunters, sportsmen and the general public about recreational rates and future land use preferences for the Savannah River Site Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 43(2) 221-233. Abstract: ABSTRACT Management of ecosystems has been improved both by our consider to be suitablefuture land uses. This is particularly true with contaminated lands where decisions must be made about clean-up andfuture land use. In this paper I synthesize several surveys of public recreational rates and preferencesforfuture land use of the Savannah River Site (SRS), a Department of Energy (DoE) facility located in South Carolina. Four groups of people were interviewed: on-site hunters; sportsmen; local residents attending an event near Aiken, South Carolina; and the general public attending a festival in Columbia, South Carolina. The general public that engaged in recreational activities averaged 20 daysl year or morefor hunting andfishing, while sportsmen averaged over 50 dayslyear. All four groups rated maintaining SRS as a National Environmental Research Park (NERP) and using it for recreation as the highest preferred land uses. The general public rated hiking and camping higher than hunting and fishing, while sportsmen rated hunting higher than hiking and camping. All groups rated using SRS for homes as the lowest, or second lowest, preferred land use. There was disagreement on the ratings for industrial development, with people living closer to the site rating it higher than the general South Carolina population. These data can be used by local planners and managers in decision making regarding clean-up levels andfuture land use. The relative unanimity of views for cleaning up DoE sites, continued use of the site as a NERP and increased recreational use suggests that different groups of people share similar preferences for future use of SRS, and provides a useful paradigm for considering future land use decisions at other DoE sites nationwide. The relatively low ranking for housing and factories suggests that clean-up levels could be geared to future land use, such as recreation, which are less stringent than residential levels. |
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A distributed parameter physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for dermal and inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds Author: Roy, A., Other Author(s): C.P. Weisel, P.J. Lioy, and P.G. Georgopoulos. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Risk Analysis 16(2): 147-160. Abstract: Estimates of den-nal dose from exposures to toxic chemicals are typically derived using models that assume instantaneous establishment of steady-state dermal mass flux. However, dermal absorption theory indicates that this assumption is invalid for short-term exposures to volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). A generalized distributed parameter physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model (DP-PBPK), which describes unsteady state dermal mass flux via a partial differential equation (Fickian diffusion), has been developed for inhalation and dermal absorption of VOCS. In the present study, the DP-PBPK model has been parameterized for chloroform, and compared with two simpler PBPK models of chloroform. The latter arc lumped parameter models, employing ordinary differential equations, that do not account for the dermal absorption time lag associated with the accumulation of permanent chemical in tissue represented by permeability coefficients. All dure models were evaluated by comparing simulated post-exposure exhaled breath concentration profiles with measured concentrations following environmental chloroform exposures. The DP-PBPK model predicted a time-lag in the exhaled breath concentration profile, consistent with the experimental data. The DP-PBPK model also predicted significant volatilization of chloroform, for a simulated dermal exposure scenario. The end-exposure dermal dose predicted by the DP-PBPK model is similar to that predicted by the EPA recommended method for short-term exposures, and is significantly greater than the end-exposure dose predicted by the lumped parameter models. However, the net dermal dose predicted by the DP-PBPK model is substantially less than that predicted by the EPA method, due to the post-exposure volatilization predicted by the DP-PBPK model. Moreover, the net dermal dose of chloroform predicted by all three models was nearly the same, even though the lumped parameter models did not predict substantial volatilization. |
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A risk assessment for consumers of mourning doves Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): R.A. Kennamer, I.L. Brisbin Jr., and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Risk Analysis 18(5): 563-573. Abstract: Recreational and subsistence hunters and anglers consume a wide range of species, including birds, mammals, fish and shellfish, some of which represent significant exposure pathways for environmental toxic agents. This study focuses on the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Savannah River Site (SRS), a former nuclear weapons production facility in South Carolina. The potential risk of contaminant intake from consuming mourning doves (Zenaida macroura), the most popular United States game bird, was examined under various risk scenarios. For all of these scenarios we used the mean tissue concentration of six metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, selenium, chromium, anganese) and radiocesium, in doves collected on and near SRS. We also estimated risk to a child consuming doves that had the maximum contaminant level. We used the cancer slope factor for radiocesium, the Environmental Protection Agencies Uptake/Biokinetic model for lead, and published reference doses for the other metals. As a result of our risk assessments we recommend management of water levels in contaminated reservoirs so that lake bed sediments are not exposed to use by gamebirds and other terrestrial wildlife. Particularly, measures should be taken to insure that the hunting public does not have access to such a site. Our data also indicate that doves on popular hunting areas are exposed to excess lead, suggesting that banning lead shot for doves, as has been done for waterfowl, is desirable. |
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A risk assessment for lead in birds Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1995 Citation: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 45: 369-396. Abstract: Recreational and subsistence hunters and anglers consume a wide range of species, including birds, mammals, fish and shellfish, some of which represent significant exposure pathways for environmental toxic agents. This study focuses on the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Savannah River Site (SRS), a former nuclear weapons production facility in South Carolina. The potential risk of contaminant intake from consuming mouming doves (Zenaida macroura), the most popular United States game bird, was examined under various risk scenarios. For all of these scenarios we used the mean tissue concentration of six metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, selenium, chromium, man- ganese) and radiocesium, in doves collected on and near SRS. We also estimated risk to a child consuming doves that had the maximum contaminant level. We used the cancer slope factor for radiocesium, the Environmental Protection Agencies Uptake/Biokinetic model for lead, and published reference doses for the other metals. As a result of our risk assessments we recommend management of water levels in contaminated reservoirs so that take bed sediments are not exposed to use by gwnebirds and other terrestrial wildlife. Particularly, measures should be taken to insure that the hunting public does not have access to such a site. Our data also indicate that doves on popular hunting areas are exposed to excess lead, suggesting that banning lead shot for doves, as has been done for waterfowl, is desirable. |
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A unified kinetic approach to binary nucleation Author: Kevrekidis, P., Other Author(s): M. Lazaridis, Y. Drossinos, and P.G. Georgopoulos. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Journal of Chemical Physics 111: 8010-8012. Abstract: |
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Age differences in metals in the blood of Herring (Largus argentatus) and Franklin’s (Largus pipixcan) Gulls Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 33: 436-440. Abstract: Concentrations of heavy metals and selenium were measured in the blood of adult and young herring (Larus argentatus) and Franklin's (Larus pipixcan) gulls collected during the same breeding season in colonies in the New York Bight and in northwestern Minnesota, respectively. Concentrations were expected to be higher in young herring gulls collected in an urban, industrialized area, compared to young Franklin's gulls collected in a relatively pristine prairie marsh. Exposure is similar for the fledgling and adult gulls because by the time the blood of young gulls is drawn both adults and young have been eating foods from the surrounding region for two months; leading to the prediction that metal levels should be similar in adults and young. However, young Franklin's gulls had significantly higher levels of arsenic, cadmium, and manganese than adults; adults had significantly higher levels of mercury and selenium. Young herring gulls had significantly higher concentrations of arsenic and selenium, but lower levels of lead than adult herring gulls. lnterspecific comparisons indicated that young Franklin's gulls had significantly higher levels of cadmium than young herring gulls, and adult Franklin's gulls had higher levels of selenium and chromium than adult herring gulls, but for all other comparisons herring gulls had higher levels of metals in their blood. Young herring gulls chicks had higher arsenic, manganese, and selenium levels and lower cadmium and lead levels in 1993 than in 1994. Overall, the levels in the two species were usually within an order of magnitude. |
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American Indians, hunting, fishing rates, risk and the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Environmental Research Section A 80: 317-329. Abstract: Hunting, fishing, and recreational rates of 276 American Indians attending a festival at Fort Hall, near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), were examined. Nearly half of the sample lived on the Fort Hall Reservation, and half were American Indians from elsewhere in the western United States. An additional 44 White people attending the festival were also interviewed. The hypothesis that there are differences in hunting, fishing, and recreational rates as a function of tribal affiliation, educational level, gender, and age was examined. Information on hunting and fishing rates are central for understanding potential exposure scenarios for American Indians if the Department of Energy's INEEL lands are ever opened to pubic access, and the data are important because of the existence of tribal treaties that govern the legal and cultural rights of the Shoshone-Bannock regarding INEEL lands. Variations in hunting, fishing, and photography rates were explained by tribal affiliation (except fishing), gender, age, and schooling. Hunting rates were significantly higher for Indians (both those living on Fort Hall and others) than Whites. Men engaged in significantly higher rates of outdoor activities than women (except for photography). Potential and current hunting and fishing on and adjacent to INEEL was more similar among the local Whites and Fort Hall Indians than between these two groups and other American Indians. |
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An approach for estimation of contaminant release during utilization and disposal of municipal waste combustion residues Author: Kosson, D.S., Other Author(s): H.A. van der Sloot, and T.T. Eighmy. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Journal of Hazardous Materials 47: 43-75. Abstract: The use of appropriate leaching tests and leaching models can help to predict how constituents in municipal waste combustion residues will leach during either utilization or disposal scenarios. This paper presents a general approach for estimating constituent release from MWC residues under a variety of management scenarios through use of fundamental leaching, site specific design and regional climatic parameters. Leaching behavior is categorized as being controlled by either (i) constituent availabiltiy or solubility for percolation-dominated scenarios with loose granula residues, or, (ii) controlled by diffusion for flow around scenarios with compacted granular residues or monolithic products containing residues. Three broad scenarios involving either disposal or utilization are used to illustrate the approach. The scenarios are applied to bottom ash, combined ash and APC residue. In two specific cases pertinent to bottom ash utilization, field data are used to verify the approach. Field data are also used to verify the approach for diposal of combined ash. These methodologies hold promise for serving as a basis for evaluating and comparing potential environmental impacts from different management scenarios for combustion residues and for other waste materials. |
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Animals as sentinel of human health hazards of environmental chemicals Author: van der schalie W.H., Other Author(s): H.S. Gardner, J.A. Bantle, C.T. De Rosa, R.A. Finch, J.S. Reif, R.H. Reuter, L.C. Backer, J. Burger, L.C.Folmar, and W.S.Stokes. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Environmental Health Perpectives 107(4) 309-315. Abstract: A workshop titled 'Using Sentinel Species Data to address the Potential Human Health Effects of Chemicals in the Environment," sponsored by the U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, the National Center for Environmental Assessment of the EPA,and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, was held to consider the use of sentinel and surrogate animal species data for evaluating the potential human health effects of chemicals in the environment. The workshop took a broad view of the sentinel species concept, and included mammalian and non- mammalian species, companion animals, food animals, fish, amphibians, and other wildlife. Sentinel species data included observations of wild animals in field situations as well as experimer@ tal animal data. Workshop participants identified potential applications for sentinel species data derived from monitoring programs or serendipitous observations and explored the potential use of such information in human health hazard and risk assessments and for evaluating causes or mecha- nisins of eff-ect. Although it is unlikely that sentinel species data will be used as the sole determina- tive factor in evaluating human health concerns, such data can be useful as for additional weight of evidence in a risk assessment, for providing early warning of situations requiring further study, or for monitoring the course of remedial activities. Attention was given to the factors impeding the application of sentinel species approaches and their acceptance in the scientific and regulatory coni-- munities. Workshop participants identified a number of critical research needs and opportunities for interagency collaboration that could help advance the use of sentinel species approaches. |
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Application of a biologically-based RFD estimation method to tetrachlorobibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) mediated immune suppression and enzyme induction Author: McGrath, L.F., Other Author(s): P. Georgopoulos, and M.A. Gallo. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Risk Analysis 16(4): 439-448. Abstract: The current methods for a reference dose (RfD) determination can be enhanced through the use of biologically-based dose-response analysis. Methods developed here utilizes information from tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) to focus on noncancer endpoints, induction. Dose-response analysis, using the Sigmoid-Emax (EMAX) function, is applied to multiple studies to determine consistency of response. Through the use of multiple studies and statistical comparison of arameter estimates, it was demonstrated that the slope estimates across studies were very consistent. This adds confidence to the subsequent effect dose estimates. This study also compares traditional methods of risk assessment such as the NOAEL/safety factor to a modified benchmark dose approach which is introduced here. Confidence in the estimation of an effect dose (ED10) was improved through the use of multiple datasets. This is key to adding confidence to the benchmark dose estimates. In addition, the Sigrnoid-Emax function when applied to dose-response data using nonlinear regression analysis provides a significantly improved fit to data increasing confidence in parameter estimates which subsequently improve effect dose estimates. |
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Assessing risk requires much broader view Author: Karr, J.R. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1995 Citation: Daily Journal of Commerce, Seattle, WA, Thursday, August 24. Abstract: Companies, whether large corporations or small enterprises, assess risks all the time. Risk assessment is an intergral part of every business decisions, from staying competitive to minimizing hazards for employees, customers, and the public. In fact, risk assessment is a survival mechanism throughout the natural world. Birds constantly assess the dangers in their environment and react to reduce risk. A bird looking for food must "decide" which prey is worth pursuing and which is not because pursuit will attract predators. When it is hungry, a bird may take risks it would otherwise avoid; it may be more cautious if it has offsprings to protect. A bird survives if it "assesses" risks and behave appropriately; flawed risk assessment can mean death. Individual humans assess risks too, of course. Smoking, drinking, and riding a motorcycle mean different risks, as does investing retirement funds in savings accounts, stocks, or commodity futures. Farmers take risk each year deciding which crops to plant and which pesticides or fertilizers to apply. What should they spend on pesticides to reap a profitable crop without threatening their own health or that of their consumers? Societies also assess risks. In theory, society attempts to minimize "environmental" risk, conventionally defined only in terms of risks to human health; for this reason, end-of-pipe control of toxic effluents forms the core of most modern environment risk management. Yet societies need to minimize ecological risks as well. Humans behave as if they did not depend on natural systems and thus need not environment risk management. As the scale of human activities grows, degradation of ecological systems worsens. Ecological degradation threatens supplies of food and fiber and many ecological services that living systems provide to humans and other organisms (processing waste, purifying water, cleaning the air, and generating soil.) What will happen if we fail to recognize and avert to the ecological systems that furnish -free- these goods and services? |
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Attitudes about recreation, environmental problems, and estuarine health along the Jersey shore Author: Burger J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Environmental Management. 22: 869-876. Abstract: Management of ecosystems has advanced by an improvement in our understanding not only of how ecosystems function, but of how people perceive their functioning and what they consider to be environmental problems within those systems. Central to such management is understanding how people view estuaries. In this article I explore the perceptions and attitudes of people about coastal recreation, environmental problems, and future land use along the New Jersey shore (USA) by interviewing people who attended a duck decoy and craft show on Barnegat Bay. The people who were interviewed engaged in more days of fishing than any other recreational activity and engaged in camping the least. There were significant differences in recreational rates as a function of gender and location of residence, with men hunting and fishing more than women and photographing less than women. Jet skis were perceived as the most severe environmental problem, with chemical pollution, junk, oil runoff and overfishing as second level problems. Birds were perceived as not an environmental problem at all. Fishing, hiking, preservation, and camping ranked as the highest preferred future land uses for the two sites examined (Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Naval Weapons Station Earle). The preferred future land uses for these two sites, which are not under consideration for land-use changes, were very similar to those of people living near the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site in South Carolina, despite the media attention and considerations of nuclear storage. |
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Attitudes and perceptions about ecological resources and hazards of people living around the Savannah River Site Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): J. Sanchez, J.W. Gibbons, T. Benson, J. Ondrof, R. Ramos, M.J. McMahon, K. Gaines, L. Lord, M. Fulmer, and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 57: 195-211. Abstract: Although considerable attention is devoted to environmental monitoring and assessment with respect to both pollutants and the status of particular plant or animal populations, less attention is devoted to assessing people's attitudes about the relative importance of ecological resources. In this paper we examine the attitudes and perceptions about ecological resources of people living around the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site (SRS), in South Carolina. Our overall hypothesis is that people who are directly affected by the possible outcomes and consequences of a particular hazard (i.e., those people employed at SRS) will undervalue the risks and overvalue the potential benetits from future land uses that favor continued site activity, compared to people who live near but are not employed at SRS. We interviewed 286 people attending the Aiken Trials horse show on 14 March 1997. There were few gender differences, although men hunted and fished more than women, women ranked three environmental concerns as more severe than did men, and women were more concerned about the effect of SRS on property values. Maintenance of SRS as a National Environmental Research Park ranked first as a future land use; nuclear production ranked second, followed by hunting and hiking. Only residential development ranked very low as a future land use. There were many differences as a function of employment history at SRS: 1) people who work at SRS think that the federal government should spend funds to clean up all nuclear facilities, and they think less money should be spent on other environmental problems than did non-employees, 2) people who work at SRS ranked continued current uses of SRS higher than did people who never worked at SRS, and 3) people who work at SRS are less concerned about the storage of nuclear material or accidents at the site than are people who never worked at the site. |
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Attitudes and perceptions about ecological resources, hazards, and future land use of people living near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): D. E. Roush Jr., J. Sanchez, J. Ondrof, R. Ramos, M. McMahon, and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 60: 145-161. Abstract: Although considerable attention is devoted to environmental monitoring and assessment with respect to both pollutants and the status of particular plant or animal populations, less attention is devoted to assessing people's attitudes about the relative importance of ecological resources. In this paper we examine the attitudes and perceptions about ecological resources of people living around the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site (SRS), in South Carolina. Our overall hypothesis is that people who are directly affected by the possible outcomes and consequences of a particular hazard (i.e. , those people employed at SRS) will undervalue the risks and overvalue the potential benefits from future land uses that favor continued site activity, compared to people who live near but are not employed at SRS. We interviewed 286 people attending the Aiken Trials horse show on 14 March 1997. There were few gender differences, although men hunted and fished more than women, women ranked three environmental concerns as more severe than did men, and women were more concerned about the effect of SRS on property values. Maintenance of SRS as a National Environmental Research Park ranked first as a future land use; nuclear production ranked second, followed by hunting and hiking. Only residential development ranked very low as a future land use. There were many differences as a function of employment history at SRS: 1) people who work at SRS think that the federal government should spend funds to clean up all nuclear facilities, and they think less money should be spent on other environmental problems than did non-employees, 2) people who work at SRS ranked continued current uses of SRS higher than did people who never worked at SRS, and 3) people who work at SRS are less concerned about the storage of nuclear material or accidents at the site than are people who never worked at the site. |
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Attitudes toward environmental hazards: Where do toxic wastes fit Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): M. Martin, K. Cooper, and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 51: 109-121. Abstract: The public is continually faced with making decisions about the risks associated with environmental hazards, and along with managers and government officials, must make informed decisions concerning possible regulation, mitigation, and restoration of degraded sites or other environmental threats. We explored the attitudes regarding several environmental hazards of six groups of people: undergraduate science majors, undergraduate non-science majors, graduate students of environmental health, risk assessment. and nonscience disciplines, as well as non-students over 35 years of age. We had predicted that there would be significant differences in attitudes between science and non-science majors and as a function of age, with younger science students showing the greatest concern. Relative concerns could be divided into three discrete classes (in descending order of concern): 1) general ecological problems (cutting tropical forests, polluting groundwater, trash along the coasts, lead in drinking water, and acid rain), 2) radon and nuclear wastes, and finally, 3) specific nuclear waste facilities, chromium. fertilizers and pesticides, and electromagnetic waves. Attitudes were consistent, whether asked about the severity of the environmental problem or whether they felt funds should be expended to solve the problems. Attitudes about spending money to develop methods to evaluate risk fell in the middle level of concern. There were no major differences among classes of college-age students, or between them and. older non-students. |
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Benefits versus risks from mammography: A critical reassessment Author: Mettler, F.A., Other Author(s): A.C. Upton, C.A. Kelsey, R.N. Ashby, R.D. Rosenberg, and MN. Linver. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Cancer 77: 903-909. Abstract: The use of mammography has increased rapidly over the last decade. The justification for mammographic examinations is the potential benefit they provide in detecting breast cancer at an early stage and reducing mortality. However, this benefit must be balanced against the associated potential risk of radiation carcinogenesis, economic costs, and a number of other factors. Most publications to date have used radiation risk factors and data from studies that were published over a decade ago, which now have been superseded by the results of more recent epidemiological studies. |
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Biological effects of 137CsCl injected in beagle dogs of different ages Author: Nikula, K.J., Other Author(s): B.A. Muggenburg, W.C. Griffith, W.W. Carlton, T.E. Fritz, and B.B. Boecker. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Radiation Research 146: 536-547. Abstract: The toxicity of 137Cs in the beagle dog was investigated at the Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute (ITRI) and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) as part of programs to evaluate the biological effects of both radionuclides in atomic bomb fallout and internally deposited fission-product radionuclides. In the ITRI study, young adult dogs were exposed once by intravenous injection to a range of 137Cs concentrations; the results have recently been published (Nikula et al., Radiat. Res. 142, 347-361, 1995). The purpose of the present report is to summarize the ANL study and to compare the results of the two studies. At ANL, 63 dogs in three age groups (15 juveniles, 142-151 days old; 38 young adults, 388-427 days old; and 10 middle-aged dogs, 1387-2060 days old) were given 137CS intravenously at levels (61-162 MBqlkg) near those expected to be lethal within 30 days after injection. There were 17 control dogs from the same colony. Twenty-three of the dogs injected with 137Cs, including all middle-aged dogs, died within 52 days after injection due to hematopoietic cell damage resulting in severe pancytopenia that led to fatal hemorrhage and/or septicemia. The other significant early effect was damage to the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules of all male dogs. These early effects are the same as those reported for the dogs injected with 137Cs at ITRI. In addition, the design of the ANL study revealed an age- and gender-related differential radiosensitivity for early effects: The middle-aged dogs died significantly earlier due to complications of hematological dyserasia compared to the juvenile and young adult dogs, and the middle-aged females died significantly earlier than the middle-aged males. The most significant non-neoplastic late effects in the 137Cs-injected dogs from ANL and ITRI were atrophy of the germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules with azoospermia, and a significant dose-dependent decrease in survival. However, the survival of the ANL dogs was decreased more than that of the ITRI dogs at similar radiation doses from 137Cs. Numerous neoplasms occurred at many different sites in the dogs injected with 137Cs at ANL and ITRI. Two differences in the findings of the two studies were that (1) there was an increased risk for malignant thyroid neoplasms in the ANL male dogs injected with 137Cs, but not the ITRI dogs of either gender, and (2) there was an increased relative risk for benign neoplasms excluding mammary neoplasms in the ITRI dogs injected with 137Cs, but not the ANL dogs. In both groups, there were dose-related increased incidences of malignant neoplasms, malignant neoplasms excluding mammary neoplasms, all sarcomas considered as a group, all non-mammary carcinomas considered as a group and malignant liver neoplasms. In summary, the similarity of the findings between the two studies and the dose-response relationships for survival and for large groupings of neoplasms suggests that these results are consistent findings in 137Cs-injected dogs and might be dose-related late effects in humans exposed to sufficient amounts of internally deposited 137CS. |
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Biological effects of inhaled 144CeC13 in beagle dogs Author: Hahn, F.F., Other Author(s): B.B. Boecker, W.C. Griffith, and B.A. Muggenburg. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Inhalation Research 147: 92-108. Abstract: The biological effects of 144Ce were studied in beagle dogs that were exposed to graded activity levels of 144CeCl3 via a single, brief inhalation exposure and observed for their life span. The long-term retained body burdens ranged from 0.06 to 13 MBq/kg with a median of 1.2 MBq/kg. After a short residence time in the lung, most of the 144Ce was translocated to liver and skeleton, where the 144Ce was retained with a half-time approaching the physical half-life of 144Ce, 284 days. Significant radiation doses were delivered to the lung, 28 Gy (median) and 2.5-370 Gy (range); liver, 68 Gy (median) and 6.1-250 Gy (range); and skeleton, 21 Gy (median) and 1.9-100 Gy (range). Lesions induced by the ß-particle radiation were noted in the lung, liver, skeleton, bone marrow, and oral and nasal mucosae closely associated with bone. Early deaths (within 2.5 years) were generally related to hematological dyscrasia, radiation pneumonitis, or hepato-cellular degeneration and atrophy. Neoplasms that occurred relatively early, from 2.2-6.8 years after exposure, were noted in the liver, bone, bone marrow and oral mucosa closely associated with bone. Neoplasms that occurred later, beyond 7 years after exposure, were noted in the liver, lung and nasal mucosa closely associated with bone. Increased numbers of neoplasms were not found in two other organs that had relatively high radiation doses, namely the thyroid and kidney. Only one primary bone tumor was noted, but 11 tumors of bone-associated tissues (oral and nasal mucosae and bone marrow) were found. Radiation doses and effects in tissues adjacent to bone, especially those of epithelial or marrow origin, should be considered when determining risks from internally deposited bone-seeking radionuclides, such as 144Ce . The property of 144Ce in depositing on and remaining associated with bone surfaces for long times may be an important factor in the radiation dose to bone marrow and epithelium adjacent to bone. |
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Biological monitoring: Essential foundation for ecological risk assessment Author: Karr, J.R., Other Author(s): and E.W. Chu. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 3(6): 993-1004. Abstract: "Risk-based decision making" has become an often-heard buzzword in Congress and government agency circles. The idea implies that policies based on scientific risk assessment---of human health or ecological risks-will be realistic, fair, and cost effective. But for policies developed through risk-based decision making to fulfill this promise, the foundations and endpoints for risk assessment must be properly conceived and relevant for sustaining critical societal needs. Environments in which living systems cannot sustain themselves cannot support human affairs. We therefore argue that the first, most important step for ecological risk assessment is to set biological endpoints; further, each step in ecological risk assessment should be informed by data from biological monitoring. The measurement endpoints (what is measured) and the assesment endpoints (the ecological goods and services society seeks to protect) must be explicitly biological. Ecological risk assessment will miss its mark if it relies on inappropriate surrogates-such as chemical measures assumed to reflect the health of a biota---or if it is only a veneer, a simple substitution of ecological terminology in another pollution-control or human health risk assessment process. |
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Biologically based dose-response models for developmental toxicants: Lessons from methylmercury Author: Faustman, E.M., Other Author(s): T.A. Lewandowski, R.A. Ponce, and S.M. Bartell. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Inhalation Toxicology 11: 559-572. Abstract: Risk assessment methods commonly used to evaluate the developmental toxicity of environmental exposures have historically focused on the identification of no adverse effect levels (NOAEL) rather than dose- response modeling. While NOAELS, which are based on identifying the highest level of exposure that does not increase the incidence of an adverse developmental effect, are used to define "acceptably safe" exposure concentrations, they do not allow one to predict response rates across a range of exposures (Faustman & Bartell, 1997). Benchmark dose methods, which use dose-response models fit to the available data, have gained attention because they address several limitations inherent in NOAELS. Along with the increased emphasis on using benchmark-dose models for developmental toxicant risk assessment has come increased attention on establishing and characterizing appropriate dose-response models for developmental toxicants (Allen et al., 1994a, 1994b; Faustman et al., 1994; Faustman & Bartell, 1997; Kavlock et al., 1995). Establishing dose-response models based on underlying biological processes, or biologically based dose-response (BBDR) modeling, has been proposed as a logical basis for establishing these dose-response models. For example, in some cases the use of biologically informed models for benchmark dose calculations has been shown to improve fit of dose-response curves to observed experimental values (Allen et al., 1994b). While toxicological experiments often examine frank disease resulting from relatively high exposures, biological information that is incorporated into BBDR models can provide a basis for defining the dose-response relationship for subtle responses associated with lower, environmentally relevant exposures (e.g., Geacintov & Swenberg, 1991). Of particular interest in our research are the design and application of BBDR models in the assessment of developmental toxicants. Biological research findings have been used to develop BBDR cancer models; however, fewer models have been developed for noncancer end-points. In those cases where experimental data has been used to model developmental toxicity, the resultant models are generally biologically informed, rather than biologically based. For our purposes in this article we define biologically informed as meaning that a model is consistent with biological processes and may consider biological constraints or relationships, though the model may not directly model the biological process. For example, Rai and van Ryzin described a two-stage probability model for developmental toxicity that assumed teratogenicity was contingent upon maternal toxicity (Rai & Van Ryzin, 1985). Faustman et al. broadened the application of this model for developmental toxicity so that adverse birth outcomes were no longer strictly dependent on maternal toxicity; however, no alternative mechanistic pathways for developmental toxicity were proposed (Faustman et al., 1989). Other researchers at that time experimented with alternative statistical approaches to modeling dose-response relationships of the type observed with developmental toxicants and that incorporated basic biological observations (Chen & Kodell, 1989; Gaylor, 1988; Gaylor & Chen, 1993; Gaylor & Razzaghi, 1992; Kimmel & Gaylor, 1988; Kimmel et al., 1989; Williams, 1987). More recent research has ventered on BBDR models in which the model variables, their values, and definition of their interrelationships have been established according to proposed biological processes. The multi-stage model of carcinogenesis stands as one of the first BBDR models that used information derived from experimental observation (Armitage & Doll, 1957). Current BBDR cancer models are generally more sophisticated in their ability to directly model the proposed underlying biology of carcinogenesis than the first cancer models and can directly incorporate information from new animal and human research to improve models. Such models can include knowledge about the number and kinetics of specific mutations and cellular proliferation responses leading to tumor formation (Luebeck & Moolgavkar, 1996; Moolgavkar & Luebeck, 1995; Moolgavkar & Venzon, 1979; Portier et al., 1996; Sherman & Portier, 1.996). For evaluation of developmental toxicity, basic scientific research on understanding the biological relationships of fetal death, malformation, and altered birth weights following environmental exposure has been used to develop biologically informed dose response models (e.g., Catalano et al., 1993, 1994; Krewski & Zhu, 1994; Kupper et al., 1986; Ryan, 1992). BBDR models of developmental toxicity have been developed for specific dys- morphogenic processes, such as palatogenesis (Freni & Zapisek, 1991), and for specific teratogens, such as for 5-fluorouracil (Kavlock & Setzer, 1996; Shuey et al., 1994, 1995). In this article, we describe the development of a biologically based dose-response model for the developmental toxicity of methylmercury (MeHg), which is a well-recognized human and animal neurodevelopmental toxicant. The biological basis for the model lies in the assumption that the developmental toxicity of MeHg can be explained by its ability to alter rates of cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell loss in the developing central nervous system (CNS), and thus reduce the number of properly functioning neurons in the mature brain. For the purposes of this model, we evaluate midbrain development in the fetal rat during the period of gestation days 12-17, as these gestational days are critically important to the establishment of all major nerve foci in the midbrain. We review the rationale for model development, how experimentally derived biological information was used in characterizing model variables, and future directions for improvement and wider application of this BBDR model. |
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Biomarkers of environmental benzene exposure Author: Weisel, C., Other Author(s): R. Yu, A. Roy, and P.G. Georgopoulos. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Environmental Health Perspectives 104(Supplement 6): 1141-1146. Abstract: Environmental exposures to benzene result in increases in body burden that are reflected in various biomarkers of exposure, including benzene in exhaled breath, benzene in blood and urinary trans-tran-muconic acid and S-phenylmercapturic acid. A review of the literature indicates that these biomarkers can be used to distinguish populations with different levels of exposure (such as smokers from nonsmokers and occupationally exposed from environmentally exposed populations) and to determine differences in metabolism. Biomarkers in humans have shown that the percentage of benzene metabolized by the ring-opening pathway is greater at environmental exposures than that at higher occupational exposures, a trend similar to that found in animal studies. This suggests that the dose-response curve is nonlinear; that potential different metabolic mechanisms exist at high and low doses; and that the validity of a linear extrapolation of adverse effects measured at high doses to a population exposed to lower, environmental levels of benzene is uncertain. Time-series measurements of the biomarker, exhaled breath, were used to evaluate a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Biases were identified between the PBPK model predictions and experimental data that were adequately described using an empihcal compartmental model. It is suggested that a mapping of the PBPK model to a compartmental model can be done to optimize the parameters in the PBPK model to provide a future framework for developing a population physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. |
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Bombs and butterflies: A case study of the challenge of post cold war environmental planning and management for the US nuclear weapons Sites Author: Greenberg, M., Other Author(s): K. Lowrie, D. Kreuckeberg, H. Mayer, and D. Simon. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 40(6): 739-750. Abstract: When the cold war ended, the United States stopped developing, testing and building nuclear weapons at nearly all of its former nuclear weapon sites. The Department of Energy (DOE) began a massive environmental remediation programme, which includes engaging surrounding communities in a future land use planning process. Using the Savannah River site as an example, we show that this process faces large obstacles, especially a legacy of mistrust of the DoE and organizational limitations at the federal and local government scales. These hinder open dialogue about future land use. The authors suggest three planning principles for future land use planning and organizational issues that must be addressed before these can be fruitfullyy explored. |
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Bridging the gap between human and ecological health Author: Karr, J.R. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Ecosystem Health 3: 197-199. Abstract: Early threats to human helth and well-being came from the environmental --vector-carried diseases, predators, famine, combat. As human populations grew and developed agriculture, permanent setttlements were established and new threats arose. Contagious diseases moved from domesticated pets and livestock to humans. Sixty-five human diseases are thought to have originated from cattle (e.g. small pox, measles, TB) ; 65 came from dogs; 42, including influenza, from pigs; and one, the common cold, from horses (Ponting 1991). Diseases spread more quickly in the crowed conoditions of villages, towns, and cities; inadequate sanitiation was also a problem. These movements continue today as demonstrated by Lyme disease, Ebola fever, and just this year, a new strain of influenza struck humans, transferred from pigs in the Far East. The industrial revolution brought relief from some of these threats wastewater treatment, for example, reduced the threat of waterborne diseases. But new technologies generate new threats ranging from toxic inudstrial chemicals to global transportation systems that speed the spread of greater variety of diseases. Still today, the health challenges we face are changing constantly. Technological advances have in many respects improved health care but that technology also is a douhle-edged sword. Widespread use and abuse antibiotics, for example, stimulates antibiotic resistance, demonstrating that the threats themselves evolves. And the array of threats changes as well. Societt needs health care strategies to deal with evolution on so many fronts. The papers in this issue came from a special plenary session of the 1996 meeting of the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology (Edmonton, Albert, Cananda). The session's theme--"Ecosystem Health: Bruidging the Gap"-- acknowledged that human health is not longer challenged solely by familiar contagious diseases to the spread of toxic chemicals. |
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Carbon tetrachloride degradation: Effect of microbial growth substrate and vitamin B12 content Author: Zou, S., Other Author(s): H.D. Stensel, and J.F. Ferguson. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 200X Citation: Environmental Science and Technology 34 (9): 1751 -1757. Abstract: The microbial degradation kinetics of carbon tetrachloride (CT) under reducing conditions was investigated for different cultures, fed with 1,2-propanediol, dextrose, propionaldehyde, or acetate and nitrate, in the anaerobic step of an anaerobic/aerobic operation sequence. Methanogensis was inhibited due to the aerobic step. CT biodegradation rates followed first-order kinetics with respect to CT concentration and were not affected by the presence of the growth substrate. CT degradation rates increased linearly with higher intracellular vitamin B12 content. The culture fed 1,2-propanediol had the highest vitamin B12 content, which was 3.8, 4.7, and 16 times that of the propionaldehyde-, dextrose-, and acetate-fed cultures, respectively, and its first-order degradation rate constant was 2.8, 4.5, 6.0 times that for those cultures respectively. No CT degradation occurred with culture liquid, suggesting that intracellular factors were responsible for CT degradation. The propanediol culture was able to sustain a constant CT degradation rate for a 20-day test period without substrate addition. Compared to a propanediol-fed culture grown under anaerobic condition only, the propanediol culture grown under the sequential anaerobic/aerobic condition resulted in more biomass growth and a greater CT degradation rate per unit of propanediol fed, although its CT degradation rate per unit of biomass was lower. |
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Characterization of soil adherence to skin: Impact of historical misinterpretation of the Que Hee et al. Data Author: Kissel, J.C. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1995 Citation: Risk Analysis 15 (6): 613-614. Abstract: Replacement of point estimates of exposure parameters with probabilistic descriptions that incorporate knowledge of the uncertainty and variability of those parameters is a worthy goal. The attractiveness of that goal should not, however, overshadow traditional requirements for plausibility and reproducibility of parameter derivations. Recently Finley et aL(l) proposed a probability density function (PDF) for soil adherence to skin based on data obtained from the prior literature. Individual distributions constructed from each of six data sources were sampled to produce an overall PDF. The mean, median and 95th percentile of a distribution ostensibly bootstrapped from the data of Que Hee et al. (2) are presented in Table 1. A previous interpretation of the Que Hee et aL data by Sedman(3) produced the point estimate shown in the fourth colunm of Table 1. Sedman's estimate, which is the basis for the lower limit of the default range in EPA's most recent dermal guidance (4) is much larger than the 95th percentile of the distribution generated by Finley et aL Finley et al. cite Sedman's work, but offer no explanation of the apparent discrepancy between their PDF and prior interpretation of the same data. Examination of the original source of the data in question reveals that both interpretations are incorrect. |
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Characterizing the variability in adult human nasal airway dimensions Author: Guilmette, R.A., Other Author(s): Y.S. Cheng, and W.C. Griffith. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Annals of Occupational Hygiene 41 (Supplement 4): 491-496. Abstract: |
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Chronic cigarette smoke exposure increases the pulmonary retention and radiation dose of 239 Pu inhaled as 239Pu02 by F344 rats Author: Finch, G.L., Other Author(s): D.L. Lundgren, E.B. Barr, B.T. Chen, W.C. Griffith, C.H. Hobbs, M.D. Hoover, K.J. Nikula, and J.L. Mauderly. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Health Physics 75(6): 597-609. Abstract: As a portion of a study to examine how chronic cigarette smoke exposure might alter the risk of lung tuniors from inhaled 239PuO2, in rats, the effects of smoke exposure on alpha-particle lung dosimetry over the life-span of exposed rats were determined. Male and female rats were exposed to inhaled 239PuO2, alone or in combination with cigarette smoke. Animals exposed to filtered air alone served as controls for the smoke exposure. Whole-body exposure to mainstream smoke diluted to concentrations of either 100 or 250 mg total particulate matter m^-3 (LCS or UCS, respectively) began at 6 wk of age and continued for 6 h d^-1, 5 d wk^-1, for 30 mo. A single, pernasal, acute exposure to 239PuO2, was given to all rats (control, LCS and HCS) at 12 wk of age. Exposure to cigarette smoke caused decreased body weight gains in a concentration dependent manner. Lung-to-body weight ratios were increased in smoke-exposed rats. Rats exposed to cigarette smoke before the 239PuO2, exposure deposited less 239Pu in the lung than did controls. Except for male rats exposed to LCS, exposure to smoke retarded the clearance of 239Pu from the lung compared to control rats through study termination at 870 d after 239PuO2 exposure.Radiation doses to lungs were calculated by sex and by exposure group for rats on study for at least 360 d using modeled body weight changes, lung-to-body weight ratios, and standard dosimetric calculations. For both sexes, estimated lifetime radiation doses from the time of 239PuO2 exposure to death were 3.8 Gy, 4.4 Gy, or 6.7 Gy for the control, LCS, or HCS exposure groups, respectively. Assuming an approximately linear dose-response relationship between radiation dose and lung neoplasm incidence, approximate increases of 20% or 80% in tumor incidence over controls would be expected in rates exposed to 239PuO2 and LCS or 239PuO2 and HCS, respectively. |
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Cleaning it up and closing it down: Land use issues at Rocky Flats Author: Lowrie, K., Other Author(s): and M. Greenberg. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Federal Facilities Environmental Journal 10(1) Spring 69-79. Abstract: Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Sitel a former nuclear weapons production plant near Denver, Colorado, is scheduled for complete closure within the next decade. A number of important land use issues remain unresolved. High levels of uncertainty about future uses and dependence on decisions from DOE Headquarters regarding the fate of Plutonium make it difficult to produce a land use plan to guide cleanup and reuse decisions, and threaten the site's ability to achieve the accelerated cleanup milestone set for 2006. We recommend a scenario-based participative land use planning process where competing interests, costs, risks and benefits of alternate future uses are made apparent to all on-site and off-site stakeholders. |
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Clinical report: Apparent paralytic shellfish poisoning in captive Herring Gulls fed commercial scallops Author: Gochfeld, M., Other Author(s): and J. Burger. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Toxicon 36(2): 411-415. Abstract: This report describes an acute poisoning event observed in captive herring gull (Larus argentatus) hicks fed a batch of store-bought scallops. They developed a characteristic acute svndrome that has not hitherto been reported in birds and the cause of which remains to be identified. We suggest that it is a variant of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) insofar as it was paralytic and caused by shellfish. However, analyses by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to identify known toxins (saxitoxins. revetoxins, domoic acid) in the scallops were negative. |
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Comments on “An approach for modeling noncancer dose responses with an emphasis on uncertainty” and "A probablistic framework for the reference dose(probablistic R&D) Author: Bartell, S.M., Other Author(s): and E.M. Faustman. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Risk Analysis 18(6): 663-664. Abstract: |
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Comparison of the disposition of butadine epoxides in Sprague-Dawley rats and B6C3F1 mice following a single and repeated exposures to 1,3-butadiene via inhalation Author: Thornton-Manning, J.R., Other Author(s): A.R. Dahl, W.E. Bechtold, W.C. Griffith, and R.F. Henderson. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Toxicology 123: 125-134. Abstract: 1,3-Butadiene (BD), a compound used extensively in the rubber industry, is a potent carcinogen in mice and a weak carcinogen in rats in chronic carcinogenicity bioassays. While many chemicals are known to alter their own metabolism after repeated exposures, the effect of exposure prior to BD on its in vivo metabolism has not been reported. The purpose of the present research was to examine the effect of repeated exposure to BD on tissue concentrations of two mutagenic BD metabolites, butadiene monoepoxide (BDO) and butadiene diepoxide (BD02). Concentrations of BD epoxides were compared in several tissues of rats and mice following a single exposure or ten repeated exposures to a target concentration of 62.5 ppm BD. Female Sprague-Dawley rats and female B6C3F, mice were exposed to BD for 6 h or 6 h x 10 days. BDO and BDO, were quantified in blood and several other tissues following preparation by cryogenic vacuum distillation and analysis by multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Blood and lung BDO concentrations did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) between the two exposure regimens in either species. Following multiple exposures to BD, BDO levels were 5- and 1.6-fold higher (P < 0.05) in mammary tissue and 2- and 1.4-fold higher in fat tissue of rats and mice, respectively, as compared with single exposures. BDO, levels also increased in rat fat tissue following multiple exposures to BD. However, in mice, levels of this metabolite decreased by 15% in fat, by 28% in mammary tissue and by 34% in lung tissue following repeated exposures to BD. The finding that the mutagenic epoxide BDO, which is the precursor to the highly mutagenic BDO2, accumulates in rodent fat may be important in assessing the potential risk to humans from inhalation of BD. |
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Compensating government workers exposed to radiation Author: Upton, A.C., Other Author(s): R. Wilson. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Risk in Perspective (Harvard Center for Risk Analysis) 8(7):1-4. Abstract: |
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Computed tomography of air pollutants using radial scanning path-integrated optical remote sensing Author: Hashmonay, R.A., Other Author(s): M.G. Yost, and C.F. Wu. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Atmospheric Environment 33: 267-274. Abstract: We propose a novel application of computed tomography (CT) for path-integrated optical remote sensing of air pollutants. We conducted a preliminary study with data obtained from simulated scanning of non-overlapping radial beam segments through Gaussian test distributions and experimentally measured test maps. The smooth basis function minimization (SBFM) algorithm, which fits parametric distributions rather than fitting individual pixel concentrations, was used to reconstruct two-dimensional concentration maps from this beam geometry. The results show that quite good reconstructions are possible with this approach. In contrast to the complex beam geometries proposed in the past for CT, this technique could be applied directly to air monitoring data from a variety of current optical sensing instruments. This development could vastly broaden the application of CT to obtain rapid reconstructions of ambient air pollution data. |
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Conflict resolution in coastal waters: The case of personal watercraft Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): and J. Leonard. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Marine Policy 24: 61-67. Abstract: The number of personal watercraft (PWC) used in coastal and inland waterways has increased recently, potentially disturbing people, fisheries activities, and wildlife and recreational resources. In 1997 we examined the behavior of nesting Common Terns as a function of exposure to PWC and other boats. PWCs traveled faster than motorboats near nesting islands, and came closer to birds. The number of terns that flew up in response to PWCs was greater than to motorboats. On one long-studied tern island, the terns suffered nearly total reproductive failure in 1996 and 1997. Because of these adverse effects, an educational and enforcement campaign was initiated in 1998. Public meetings included presentations by scientists, marine police, state conservation officials, PWC associations, marina owners, and the general public. In addition, an educational campaign was aimed at local PWC rental businesses and docks, and additional signs were posted around tern nesting islands. These measures proved effective: PWC traffic around the nesting islands was reduced, most PWCs that passed the tern nesting island did not venture outside the channel, and most PWCS reduced their speed. Although these measures did not eliminate the problem, they reduced the disturbance to the birds in 1998 and 1999, allowing increased reproductive success, representing a successful co-management program. |
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Consumption Advisories and Compliance: The fishing public and the deamplification of risk Author: Burger. J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 43(4): 471-488 Abstract: ABSTRACT Managers and regulators have recognized that the fishing public often ignores fish consumption advisories, and the reasons for non-compliance are explored in this paper. Risk assessors acknowledge that there is a social amplification (intensification) of risk where the public perceive a risk as much more severe than do the, experts' or scientists, and this social ampliflcation is a function of the interaction of hazards with social, psychological and cultural processes. I propose that non-compliance of consumption advisories occurs because of the deamplification of risk in hazards that are familiar and enjoyed, such as fishing and fish consumption. Although the public are generally aware of consumption advisories, they continue to believe the fish are safe to eat, and a high percentage eat the fish they catch. Unlike the amplification of risk, the deamplification of risk from fishing in the face of consumption advisories is partly legitimized by the actions of some governmental agencies, as well as by society at large. It is suggested that a variety of economic benefits and social institutions lead to a discounting of consumption advisories, and the delayed nature of adverse health effects allows for additional disregard. Further, it is suggested that co-management of the risk from contaminated fish would increase public involvement, and therefore compliance. |
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CRESP: A new approach to stakeholder-responsive, cost-effective research Author: Goldstein, B.D., Other Author(s): C. Powers, J. Moore, and E. Faustman. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Eur. J. Oncol. 4(5):537-540. Abstract: University research into environmental and occupational health problems typically represents a synthesis of overall needs identified by a governmental funding agency, coupled with investigator-initiated responses. In this usual approach it is the government agency that integrates the research findings for use in decision making. Further, when technical information is needed more rapidly than the multiyear time frame usual in investigator-initiated research, the contracting community is preferred over university-based research. The Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation (CRESP) in essence is an experimental approach to altering this typical approach. CRESP is funded through a five-year cooperative agreement by the US Department of Energy (DOE) to perform research on risks related to the environmental management of atom bomb production sites. Projected costs to clean up what is known as the "cold war mortgage" range upwards of $300 billion. DOE's tradition of secrecy has led it not to be trusted by local communities and other stakeholders and has made it difficult to obtain agreement on the extent of the risk or appropriate approach to environmental remediation, including issues related to worker risk. CRESP consists primarily of faculty at the University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, and of the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute in New Jersey. CRESPs primary approach is to determine research needs through working with stakeholders, including local citizens, environmental groups, labour unions, the business community and local, state and federal agencies. Researchers at the two university programmes are primarily self-selected to work on projects of interest to them that are derived through stakeholder interactions. Wherever possible, stakeholders are involved in research design and are early targets of approaches aimed at explaining the experimental findings. The usual research blind alleys can be identified and terminated more quickly than with standard investigator-initiated funding approaches. Initial integration of the findings is performed by the CRESP research, including management board members who have had significant experience in managing government research and regulatory programmes. The CRESP approach has been successful in terms of the usual metrics of peer reviewed publications. More importantly, there are early indications that its research has been effective in providing credible information of use in dealing with risk-related issues as DOE sites. However, further assessment is needed to fully investigate the value added of CRESP as compared to usual approaches to stakeholder-based research. |
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CRESP: An experiment in developing research responsive to stakehholder concerns Author: Goldstein, B.D. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Risk Policy Report - November 20, 39-41. Abstract: Recently, Terry Yosie and Timothy Herbst released a report that provides those of us engaged in environmental policy and emerging risk issues with a valuable description and critique of stakeholder processes in environmental decision-making. In a related activity, my colleagues and I at the Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation (CRESP) are testing the potential for providing the science underlying effective environmental decision-making, by working closely with stakeholders. Before discussing our specific experience with stakeholder processes, let me first provide some background on CRESP, whose governing concept was derived in part from the recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Committee to Review Risk Management in the Deparunent of Energy's (DOE) Environmental Remediation Program. Their document "Building Consensus," focused on the potential value of an independent credible, integrating academic program. Our consortium consists of the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, a joint program of Rutgers University and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; the University of Washington, School of Public Health and Community Medicine; and the Institute for Evaluating Health Risks. CRESP has focused its activities at the Hanford and Savannah River sites, but has become involved at other DOE sites as its expertise has matured. |
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Critical radionuclide/Critical pathway analysis for the US Department of Energy's Savannah River site Author: Jannik, G.T. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Risk Analysis 19(3): 417-426. Abstract: Many different radionuclides have been released to the environment from the Savannah River Site (SRS) during the facility's operational history. However, as shown by this analysis, only a small number of the released radionuclides have been significant contributors to potential doses and risks to off-site people. This article documents the radiological critical contan-iinant/critical pathway analysis performed for SRS. If site missions and operations remain constant over the next 30 years, only tritium oxide releases are projected to exceed a maximally exposed individual (MEI) risk of 1.OE-06 for either the airborne or liquid pathways. The critical exposure pathways associated with site airborne releases are inhalation and vegetation consumption, whereas the critical exposure pathways associated with liquid releases are drinking water and fish consumption. For the SRS-specific, nontypical exposure pathways (i.e., recreational fishing and deer and hog hunting), cesium-137 is the critical radio nuclide. |
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Dealing with Hanford’s lethal legacy Author: van Belle, G., Other Author(s): G.S. Omenn, E.M. Faustman, C.W. Powers, J.A. Moore, and B.D. Goldstein. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Washington Public Health 14(Spring): 16-21. Abstract: When the history of the twentieth century is written 100 years from now, one of the chapters almost certainly will deal with nuclea fission and its applications in wvar and peace. We suspect that most of this chapter will focus on military applications, in particular, the frantic international reces to develop atomic and hydrogen bombs, the secrecy surrounding their production, the people, land, water, and natural resources involved, and the consequent hazardous wastes. The scientific legacy of the twentieth century will include the radioactive sites at I Hanford (Washington), Rocky Flats (Colorado), Savannah River (Georgia), and numerous other places. Unlike the seven wonders the ancient world, these places will not become tourist attractions, instead, they should be made inaccessible for at least 3,000 years. Another nuclear-age legacy is secrecy as a way of life. Secrecy emphasizes separation of tasks, exculsionary dissemination of information, and a professional code of silence. These ingrained patterns need to be reversed. Although scientists have been willing participants in the secrecy, they are aware, perhaps more than other groups, that secrecy ultimately is inimical to good science. Efforts at nuclear waste cleanup have accelerated since the end of the Cold War. A change in national perspective dates back to the 1989 disintegration of the Soviet Union. In that year we finally stopped producing nuclear weapons. Since then the realization of the magnitude of the lethal legacy has become more widespread. The switch from production to clean-up has accelerated but has been restrained by institutional patterns: it is no small matter to change the course of the ship of state - especially if there is disagreement among some of the crew, but in the last six years the commitment to cleanup has increased. Cleanup options range between two extremes. The first is, "do nothing." This option is unacceptable because doing nothing will worsen the problem as buildings and structures deteriorate and contaminants spread through the soil, air, and groundwater. The other extreme - to restore all facilities and places to pre-1940 conditions - is also unacceptable because certain sites should not be used for thousands of years. Also, the financial resources needed for this process are enormous and rising. Just the intermediate effort built into present commitments and plans would cost $250 billion nationwide by 1990 estimates. More recent estimates for the cost of environmental recovery from the Cold War are as high as $2 trillion. |
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Debating uncertainty: Point-counterpoint. Routine uncertainty analysis: Certainly not Author: Goldstein, B.D., Other Author(s): and S.C. Lewis. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1995 Citation: Risk Policy Report 2(8): 32,34-35. Abstract: The call for one-handed scientists is more than a jest. The original quotation has been attributed to Senator Muskie who at the time of the 1970 Clean Air Act stated that he was tired of scientists saving on the one hand this and on the other hand that. It is hard to imagine what Senator Muskie would think of the demand for the routine use of formal numerical uncertainty analysis as an inherent part of risk assessment. Presenting the risk manager with a range of numbers to chose from would more likely be considered obfuscation than enlightenment. In the following piece I argue that routine uncerainty analysis leading to a range of risk numbers is of little or no value to decision making, would contribute as much or more to problems in risk communication than it will cure, and is not readily doable. Let me start by emphasizing that I fully support the qualitative description of significant sources of uncertainty in any, risk assessment. Further, there are limited situations in which more than one risk number would be very useful to characterize risk, for example in the case of chloroform where the cancer risk potency number differs drastically depending upon whether the studies were on animals given chloroform in oil or in water. Qualitative or semiquantitative uncertainty analysis, as a part of sensitivity analysis. can also be useful in determining which portion of a risk assessment would benefit most from further research or anaiysis. |
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Defining and measuring river health Author: Karr, J.R. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Freshwater Biology 41: 221-234. Abstract: Society benefits immeasurably from rivers. Yet over the past century, humans have changed rivers dramatically. Do those changes mean that people have degraded river health? The answer depends on whom you ask. To irrigators, rivers are healthy if there is enough water for their fields. For a power utility, rivers are healthy if there is enough water to turn the turbines. For a drinking-water utility, rivers are healthy if there is enough pure, or purifiable, water throughout the year. To sport or commercial fishers, rivers are healthy if there are fin-fish and shellfish to harvest. For recreationists, rivers are healthy if swimming, water skiing, or boating do not make people ill. But every one of these perceptions is only part of the picture. Each trivializes the other uses of the river - not to mention non-human aspects of the river itself - while assigning value only to its own desires. To protect all river uses and values, should we not seek broader definitions of river health? |
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Description of factors affecting hazardous waste workers' use of respiratory protective equipment Author: Salazar, M.K., Other Author(s): T. Takaro, C. Connon, and K. Ertell. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 14(7): 1-9. Abstract: This article describes the first phase of a study that was designed to gain an understanding of hazardous waste workers' attitudes and beliefs about the use of respiratory protective equipment. Exploratory, open-ended interviews were conducted among 28 respirator users at a US Department of Energy facility. Subjects were asked to describe their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about their risks to hazards at their worksites and to discuss their use of respiratory protective equipment. A detailed content analysis of the interviews resulted in the generation of a taxonomy of issues and concerns which fell into three general categories: 1) Knowledge, Beliefs, and Attitudes, 2),Physical and Psychological Effects, and 3) External Influences. Knowledge, Beliefs, and Attitudes included Training, Fit Testing, Medical Clearance, Work Exposures, Respirator Use, and Vulnerability to Disease. Physical and Psychological Effects included Somatic/Health Effects, Personal Comfort, Visual Effects, Fatigue, Communication, and Anxiety. External Influences included Structural Environment, Quality and Availability of Equipment, Other PPES, Co-Worker Influence, Supervisor Influence, and Organizational Culture. The findings from this study have important implications to training and education programs. Effective respiratory protection programs depend on a knowledge of the factors that affect workers' use of equipment. This study suggests that efforts to assure equipment comfort and fit, to assist workers who see and hear less well as a result of their equipment, and to develop strategies to allay worker anxiety when wearing equipment should all be components of a program. An organizational culture that supports and abets the appropriate use of equipment is also a critical element in a successful program. The occurrence of occupational disease is a major problem at many work sites in this country. It is estimated that 20 million U.S. workers are regularly exposed to dusts, gases, fumes, and radiological substances that can cause airway and other systemic diseases. Hazardous waste workers are among 7 to 10 million workers who rely on personal protective equipment (PPE) in the form of respirators as their primary means of protection from workplace hazards. Unfortunately, as demonstrated by recent statistics, the use of respiratory protection has not been wholly successful. Between 1968 and 1992,100,890 U.S. residents died from pneumoconiosis resulting from exposures to asbestos, coal dust, silica, and other agents, the majority of which occurred as a result of workplace exposures. Furthermore, nearly 30 percent of adult asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ftiay be at least partially attributable to occupational exposures. Inhalation of toxic substances can also lead to serious neurological, renal, hepatic, and other systemic effects. |
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Determinants of perceptions of trust, control and neighborhood quality among residents surrounding the Savannah River Site Author: Williams, B., Other Author(s): M. Greenberg, and S. Brown. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Environment and Behavior 31(3): 354-371. Abstract: The public is becoming increasingly distrustful of hazardous waste management activities. However, public trust is a requisite condition for effective environmental management of hazardous waste sites. Without trust, it is unlikely that such institutions can effectively convince the public that a site is safe and can be reused. The authors of this article conducted a study of the social, economic, psychological, demographic, and political factors that may affect environmental risk assessment and communication at the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Nuclear Weapons Site (SRS). Public trust was a central focus of this study. A population survey was conducted to evaluate the level of public mistrust and correlates of public mistrust among residents living near the SRS. In this sample, several groups of respondents demonstrated high levels of trust. Respondents living upriver from SRS and respondents whose county was economically dependent on SRS voiced high levels of trust. Respondents who were predisposed toward accepting additional hazardous waste or accepting public health risks for economic gain also showed high levels of trust. Findings suggest that public trust is influenced by a variety of factors including personal traits, experiences, and economic needs. |
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Determinants of trust perceptions among residents surrounding the Savannah River nuclear weapons site Author: Willliams, B.L., Other Author(s): S. Brown, and M. Greenberg. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Environment and Behavior 31(3): 354-371. Abstract: The public is becoming increasingly distrustful of hazardous waste management activities. However, public trust is a requisite condition for effective environmental management of hazardous waste sites. Without trust, it is unlikely that such institutions can effectively convince the public that a site is safe and can be reused. Tte authors of this article conducted a study of the social, economic, psycho- logical, demographic, and political factors that may affect environmental risk assess ment and communication at the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah RiverNuclear Weapons Site (SRS). Public trust was a central focus of this study. A population survey was conducted to evaluate the level of public mistrust and correlates of public mistrust among residents living near the SRS. In this sample, several groups of respondents demonstrated high levels of trust. Respondents living upriver from SRS and respondents whose county was economically dependent an SRS voiced high levels of trust. Respondents who were predisposed toward accepting additional hazardous waste or accepting public health risks for economic gain also showed high levels of trust. Findings suggest that public trust is influenced by a variety of factors includ- ing personal traits, experiences, and economic needs. |
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Developing and using interaction coding systems for studying groupware use Author: Nyerges, T.L., Other Author(s): T.J. Moore, R. Montejano, and M. Compton. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Human-Computer Interaction 13: 127-165. Abstract: Groupware use can be described as a process of social (human-computer-human) interaction. For example, small groups can use a group-based geographic information system (GIS) to share maps and decision tables during a discussion about selection of sites for salmon habitat improvement in Seattle, Washington. Empirical research about groupware use is intended to improve our understanding of the dynamics of the process, as well as improve our understanding of the development requirements for information technology. Gaining a detailed understanding of the human-computer-human interaction process requires reasonably unobtrusive observation--for example, using video cameras to capture and replay the ebb and flow of interaction. From each replay of videotape we can abstract a different research view, hence characterize the ebb and flow of interaction from a different perspective, giving us deeper insight into the interaction. Interpreting and synthesizing the raw observations to make sense of what went on during interaction" can be accomplished through the use of interaction coding systems. In this article, we report on the development of three interaction coding systems that were created for studying the use of a group-based, research prototype GIS software, called Spatial Group Choice. We wrote this article to help researchers compare approaches to the development of coding systems and compare the value of their use. Despite previous use of coding systems by others, there are no detailed reports in the literature of how researchers devised their coding systems. We discuss in detail the process of creating and using such coding systems, describing the advantages and disadvantages of performing interaction coding to foster an understanding of group dynamics in different settings and for designing new groupware. |
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Development of expectations of larval amphibian assemblage structure in southeastern depression wetlands Author: Snodgrass, J.W., Other Author(s): A. L. Bryan, Jr., and J. Burger Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Ecological Applications,10(4): 1219-1229. Abstract: Abstract. We surveyed larval amphibians and fish in 25 relatively pristine depression wetlands on the upper Atlantic coastal plain of South Carolina to examine relationships among hydiroperiod length, fish presence/absence and larval amphibian assemblage structure. Our goals were to test the application of general models of lentic community structure to Southeastern depression wetlands and to develop expectations of larval amphibian assemblage structure at reference sites. Amphibian species richness showed a unimodal pattern along a hydroperiod gradient, with wetlands that contained water for 8-10 mo/yr having the highest species richness. Wetlands that contained water for longer periods (i.e., dried only during severe drought) often contained fish and had relatively low amphibian species richness. Most species occurred along a restricted portion of the hydroperiod gradient, and some species were found almost exclusively in wetlands with fish. Associations among the occurrence of species led to relatively discrete breaks in assemblage structure along the hydropeiriod gradient. Canonical correspondence analysis of catch-per-unit-effort data identified four groups of wetlands with similar assemblage structure: (1) short (drying in spring), (2) medium (drying in summer), and (3) long (drying in fall or semi-annually) hydroperiod wetlands without fish; and (4) long hydroperiod wetlands with fish. Our results suggest that general models of community structure in lentic systems are applicable to southeastern isolated wetlands and-should form the basis for developing expectations of larval amphibian assemblage structure in these systems. |
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Disposition of butadiene epoxides in Sprague-Dawley rats following exposures to 8000 ppm 1,3-butadiene: Comparisons with tissue epoxide concentrations following low-level exposures Author: Thornton-Manning, J.R., Other Author(s): A.R. Dahl, M.L. Allen, W.E. Bechtold, W.C. Griffith, and R.F. Henderson. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Toxological Sciences 41: 167-173. Abstract: 1,3-Butadiene (BD), a compound used extensively in the rubber industry, is a potent carcinogen in mice and a weak carcinogen in rats in chronic carcinogenicity bioassays. While many chemicals are known to alter their own metabolism after repeated exposures, the effect of exposure prior to BD on its in vivo metabolism has not been reported. The purpose of the present research was to examine the effect of repeated exposure to BD on tissue concentrations of two mutagenic BD metabolites, butadiene monoepoxide (BDO) and butadiene diepoxide (BDO2). Concentrations of BD epoxides were compared in several tissues of rats and mice following a single exposure or ten repeated exposures to a target concentration of 62.5 ppm BD. Female Sprague-Dawley rats and female B6C3F, mice were exposed to BD for 6 h or 6 h x 10 days. BDO and BDO2 were quantified in blood and several other tissues following preparation by cryogenic vacuum distillation and analysis by multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Blood and lung BDO concentrations did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) between the two exposure regimens in either species. Following multiple exposures to BD, BDO levels were 5- and 1.6-fold higher (P < 0.05) in mammary tissue and 2- and 1.4-fold higher in fat tissue of rats and mice, respectively, as compared with single exposures. BDO2 levels also increased in rat fat tissue following multiple exposures to BD. However, in mice, levels of this metabolite decreased by 15% in fat, by 28% in mammary tissue and by 34% in lung tissue following repeated exposures to BD. The finding that the mutagenic epoxide BDO, which is the precursor to the highly mutagenic BDO2, accumulates in rodent fat may be important in assessing the potential risk to humans from inhalation of BD. |
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Dose responses from inhaled monodisperse aerosols of 244Cm203 in the lung, liver and skeleton of F344 rats and comparison with 239Pu02 Author: Lundgren, D.L., Other Author(s): F.F Hahn, W.W Carlton, W.C. Griffith, R.A. Guilmette, and N.A. Gillett. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Radiation Research 147: 598-612. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to obtain information on the alpha-particle dose-response relationship of 244CM in rats. Rats were exposed briefly by inhalation to graded levels Of monodisperse aerosols of 244CM2o3 heat-treated at 1150'C. The initial lung burden (ILB) of each animal was determined by the use of the y-ray-emitting radionuclide 243CM in the aerosols. Seven groups of 84-day-old F344/Crl rats (a total of 637 males and 645 females) were exposed once to 244CM2O3 or sham-exposed to filtered ambient air. Mean ILBs of all rats per group ranged from 0.51 ± 0.17 (±SD) to 240 ± 82 kBq kg-1 body weight. Mean lifetime alpha-particle doses to the lungs per group ranged from 0.20 ± 0.069 (±SD) to 36 ± 6.5 Gy. After death, each rat was radiographed and necropsied. Dose-related increases occurred in incidences of benign and malignant lung neoplasms, except for the groups of rats with higher mean ILBs that were examined histologically (98 ± 18 and 240 ± 77 kBq kg-1 body weight) in which survival was markedly decreased. Also, average alpha-particle doses of 0.0014 ± 0.00058 (±SD) to 0.17 ± 0.091 Gy and 0.018 ± 0.007 to 1.6 ± 1.1 Gy were also absorbed by the liver and skeleton, respectively, in the rats in the different exposure groups. Primary liver neoplasms occurred in several rats. However, the incidence of these lesions was not related to dose. Increased incidences of bone neoplasms occurred only in rats receiving higher doses to the skeleton. Excess numbers of rats with lung neoplasms per 104 Gy to the lung per group ranged from 760 ± 430 (±SE) at a mean dose of 0.48 Gy to 84 ± 16 at a mean dose of 37 Gy. Risk factors for the lowest and highest ILB kg-1 body weight groups were not considered reliable because of large errors associated with these calculations and the life-span shortening in the highest ILB key-1 group. Inhaled244CmO3 appeared to be about 50% less effective as a lung carcinogen in rats compared to 239PuO2 at similar doses. |
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Downsizing US Department of Energy facilities: Evaluating alternatives for the region surrounding the Savannah River Nuclear Weapons Site region Author: Greenberg, M., Other Author(s): M. Frisch, L. Solitare, and K. Lowrie. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Evaluation and Program Planning 23: 255-265 Abstract: The economic impacts of reduced spending by the US Department of Energy (DOE) are estimated for the period 2000-2035 for the region surrounding the Savannah River Nuclear Weapons Site in South Carolina and for the states of South Carolina and Georgia. The detrimental economic impact, which reaches more than 20% of jobs, and personal income in the multi-county area immediately surrounding the site, can be reduced by on- and off-site investments. The impacts of building an accelerator to produce tritium and to destroy extremely dangerous nuclear wastes, and of investing in the region's educational system and infrastructure are explored as illustrations. The findings imply a need for considerable thought about what kinds of investments should be made in the region by an interdepartmental group rather than relying solely on the DOE. |
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Ecological effects and biomonitoring for mercury in tropical ecosystems Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Dordrecht 97(3-4): 265-272. Abstract: Considerable attention has been devoted to monitoring heavy metals in temperate zones of the world, largely due to the concentration of industries and populations in these regions. With increases in global transport of mercury, it has become important to examine the effects of mercury on components of tropical ecosystems, and to design biomonitoring schemes to assess environmental changes involving mercury. Tropical ecosystems differ from temperate ones in fundamental ways, including increased species diversity, and decreased niche width, spatial heterogeneity, food web lengths and complexity, productivity and soil laterization. Because of these differences, the fate and transport of mercury may differ in temperate and tropical systems, and it is suggested in this paper that bird feathers be used as a biomonitoring tool to assess broad-scale trends in mercury exposure, as well as being indicative of adverse effects on the birds themselves. In many ecosystems, some species of birds occupy top trophic levels. It is apparent that the mercury level in feathers of some tropical birds are as high as those from temperature regions, exceeding levels associated with adverse effects in laboratory studies. |
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Ecological risk assessment at the Department of Energy: An evolving process Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: International Journal of Toxicology 18: 149-155. Abstract: The United States Department of Energy (DOE) has facilities in 34 states, and many of these have chemical or radiological contamination that provides a potential risk to human or ecological health. Over the next few decades many of these sites will be cleaned up, and ecological risk assessment will be one tool used to make decisions about remediation and future land use. The DOE has developed an overall strategy for making remediation decisions that involves using risk assessment, with stakeholder input, although the final decisions are the Department's. The key elements of its ecological risk assessments involve valuing the severity and likelihood of occurrence of adverse ecological effects. It Is currently using a process that incorporates descriptions of the environinenw risk, and valuations of the severity and likelihood of an adverse outcome before, during, and after any remedial activity. The primary difficulty with the current DOE approach to risk has been a failure to use existing information to identify either species of concern or unique habitats at risk, and a lack of uniformity across the DOE complex. Nonetheless, the inclusion of ecological risk assessment in the decision-making process will help achieve one of the new missions of DOE: the protection and maintenance of blodiversity and healthy ecosystems at sites under Its control. |
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Economic fallout Author: Lowrie, K., Other Author(s): M. Greenberg, and M. Frisch. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy 14(2): 119-125. Abstract: The end of the Cold War has dramatically decreased the need for continued nuclear weapons production in the United States. The communities around the largest of the weapons production and research sites owned by the Department of Energy are now facing the socioeconomic impacts caused by downsizing, mission changes, and in some cases, eventual closure of the sites. The resultant job losses reduce local incomes, property values, retail sales, and housing demand and cause other economic stresses that damages the fiscal health of some of these communities. DOE owns some 140 sites in 38 U.S. states and territories, encompassing 2.3 million acres and containing tens of thousands of buildings and structures. This weapons complex employs more than 100,000 workers in various activities, ranging from continuing research and production at some sites to cleanup of contaminated water, soil, and buildings at other sites. Nearly all of the major weapons facilities were built in the 1940s and 1950s in locations that were relatively remote and rural, for reasons of national security. During Cold War production, communities that were supported almost totally by the nuclear weapons industry developed near the entrances to these facilities. When a large industrial facility lays off workers, local communities often suffer economic decline.1 In general, the smaller the local community and the further removed the facility is from metropolitan areas, the larger are the anticipated effects.2 Towns and counties near U.S. nuclear weapons production sites are like company towns in their heavy reliance on DOE jobs to maintain their economies. These communities have additional problems to confront, however. In the past they were forced to react to decisions made in secret because of security considerations.3 Moreover, because some of the communities are rural, they often lack the professional expertise and budgets required to provide services, impose controls, or interact fruitfully with a large federal bureaucracy. Closing a massive nuclear facility is also more expensive and takes more time than closing an ordinary private plant. Remedial actions will be required for several decades and prospects for private reuse are problematic at best. |
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Economic Impact of Accelerated Cleanup on Regions Surrounding the U.S. DOE’s Major Nuclear Weapons Sites Author: Greenberg, M., Other Author(s): L. Solitare, M. Frisch and K. Lowrie. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Risk Analysis 19(4): 635-647. Abstract: The regional economic impacts of the U.S. Department of Energy's accelerated environmental cleanup plan are estimated for the major nuclear weapons sites in Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Washington. The analysis shows that the impact falls heavily on the three relatively rural reasons around the Savannah River (SC), Hanford (WA), and Idaho National Engineering- and Environmental Laboratory (ID) sites. A less aggressive phase-down of environmental management funds and separate funds to invest in education and infrastructure in the regions slightly buffer the impacts on jobs. personal income, and gross regional product. Policy options open to the federal, state, and local goverments are discussed. |
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Ecosystem health: The concept, the ISEH, and the important tasks ahead Author: Rapport, D.J., Other Author(s): G. Bohm, D. Buckingham, J. Cairns, Jr., R. Costanza, J.R. Karr, H.A.M. de Kruijf, R. Levins, A.J. McMichael, N.O. Nielson, and W.G. Whitford. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Ecosystem Health 5: 82-90. Abstract: The International Society for Ecosystem Health (ISEH) came into existence at a time when it was rapidly becoming apparent that the earth's ecosystems were failing, both locally and globally (Tolba et al. 1992). Despite worldwide attention drawn to the consequences of ecosystem degration, and subsequent international agreements and treaties respecting the importance of maintaining the health and integrity of the earth's ecosystems, environmental degradation has continued and even ccelerated (Vitousek et al. 1997; Ullsten 1998; Salim el at. 1999). ISEH was conceived to engage scholars from a variety of fields to bridge or even transcend the natural, social, and health sciences. A primary goal was to provide the conceptual and methodological foundations for assessing the condition of the earth's ecosystems. The idea for forming an international society around the concept of "ecosystem health" arose out of an interdisciplinary workshop on diagnostic indicators of ecosystem condition (Ecosystem Medicine: Developing a Diagnostic Capability. Allerton Park, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana 1991). Participants and founding members of ISEH were Val Beasley (University of Illinois), Robert Costanza (University of Maryland), David Cox (University of Illinois), Tony Hayes (University of Guelph), David Rapport (Statistics Canada), David Schaeffer (Eco Health Research, Inc.), Christian Thorpe (Kaiser Permanente Medical Center), and David Waltner-Toews (University of Guelph). Founders were an eclectic group of transcdisciplinary thinkers from the fields of medicine, veterinary medicine, ecology, and economics who had come together to explore potential trandsfers from the fields of human and veterinary medicine into ecology. They agreed that there was a need to carry on these discussions in a wider forum, and that the International Society for Ecosystem Health should be formed for this purpose. At that time, several workshop/symposia had already been held on the topic, and others were being planned. These included an Aspen Innstitute-sponsored workshop on ecosystem health at Wye, Maryland (October 1990), a symposium on "Defining Ecosystem Health: Science, Economics, or Ethics?" sponsored by The American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C. (February 1991), a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) workshop at the N.E. Science Center Narragan- sett Laboratory, Narragansett, RI (1992) on "The Health of Large Marine Ecosystems," a NATO- sponsored Advanced Research Workshop on "Evaluating and Monitoring the Health of Large-Scale Ecosystems," Chateau Montebello, Quebec (October 1993), and a Hastings Center workshop on the philosophical and ethical dimensions of ecosystem health (1993). The inaugural event for ISEH, however, was the 1st International Symposium on Ecosystem Health and Medicine (Ottawa,June 19-23, 1994), co-organized by ISEH and the University of Guelph. With more than 800 participants from 33 countries, this event brought the concept of eco- system health to the attention of the international scientific community (Shrader-Frechette 1994). The opening keynote address was delivered by the late Henry Kendall on the topic of environmental and population challenges: global prospects. Other keynote addresses explored the interfaces between disciplines from ecology and public health, to environmental management, ethics, and ecological economics. These included, among others, presentations by Robert Costanza (Mageau et al. 1995), David Ehrenfeld (Ehrenfeld 1995), Richard Levins (Levins 1995), Tony McMichael (McMichael & Martens 1995), Eugene Odum (Odum 1995), David Rapport (Rapport 1995), Margaret Somerville (Somerville 1995), and M. Gordon Wolman (Wolman 1995). Collectively, participants represented a wide range of disciplines including anthropology, economics, ecology, environmental management, epidemiology, ethics, law, philosophy, public health, sociology, and veterinary medicine. Although the participants came from varied backgrounds, a shared belief emerged that collaborative efforts that crossed disciplinary boundaries were essential to arrive at a deeper understanding of regional environmental challenges and solutions. Understanding the forces of transformation of the earth's ecosystems calls for a holistic approach in which humans are "part of" and not "apart from" the ecosystem (Cairns 1994; Bormann 1996). |
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Effect of hydrogen on reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes Author: Ballapragada, B.S., Other Author(s): H.D. Stensel, J.A. Puhakka, and J.F. Ferguson. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Environmental Science and Technology 31(6): 1728-1734. Abstract: A methanogenic fluidized bed reactor (FBR) fed with lactate and tetrachloroethene (PCE) was operated for 14 months to study the effect of electron donor and PCE loading on chloroethene dechlorination rates. Lactate was fed continu ously at 200 mg/L (2.2 mmol/L), and the influent PCE feed concentration was increased stepwise from 3.5 to 160 mol/L. Vinyl chloride (VC) and ethene accounted for 80% and 20%, respectively, of the PCE dechlorination. Batch tests with various electron donors showed that H2, propionate, and lactate supported dechlorination of PCE, trichloroethene (TCE), cis-dichloroethene (c-DCE), and VC, whereas no dechlorination was observed with acetate or in the absence of an electron donor. Different short-term steady H2 concentrations were obtained by adjusting the FBR influent lactate feed concentration, and the effect of H2 concentra tion on the rate of chloroethene dechlorination was determined. Dechlorination rates for PCE, TCE, c-DCE, and VC showed a Michaelis-Menten relationship with H2 partial pressure. The half-velocity coefficients for H2 utilization by dechlorinators ranged from 12 to 28 ppm for the chloroethenes and are at least an order of magnitude lower than values reported for methanogens. This implies that dechlorinating bacteria can out-compete methanogens for H2 utilization at low H2 concentration. |
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Effects of incubation temperature on hatchling pine snakes: Implications for survival Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Behav Ecol Sociobiol 43: 11-18. Abstract: Incubation temperature in ectothermic vertebrates affects incubation periods, and in some reptiles it affects sex ratios and behavior. I present evidence that incubation temperature affects emergence and post-hatching behavior of pine snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) that could influence survival in the weeks before hibernation. Hatchlings incubated at low temperatures remained in the nest longer, had fewer alternate nest openings, and fewer underground tunnels to hide in than did hatchlings from warmer temperatures. These conditions could render hatchlings from low temperature nests more vulnerable to predation because, if a nest is opened, they are not inside tunnels where they would be protected. Hatchlings from nests incubated at low temperatures took longer to find shade during a thermoregulation test, and were less likely to move about in search of other cover than were those from higher incubation temperature artificial nests. Similarly, hatchlings from nests with low incubation temperatures were less responsive to a predatory stimulus and had a longer latency to strike than other hatchlings. Taken together, hatchlings from nests with low incubation temperatures might be less able to avoid predators and find shade than those from nests incubated at higher temperatures, and thus could be expected to have lower survival in nature. |
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Effects of lead on behavior, growth and survival of hatchling Slider Turtles (Trachemys scripta) Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): C. Carruth-Hinchey, J. Ondroff, M. McMahon, W. Gibbons and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 55: 495-502. Abstract: In this study the effects of lead on behavioral development of hatchling slider turtles (Trachemys scripta) from the Savannah River Site, near Aiken, SC, were examined. It was of interest to determine whether dose or size affects survival, growth, or behavior. Hatchlings from 1995 showed no significant differences in growth, survival, or behavior between control and lead-injected animals at a dose of 0.05 and 0.1 mg/g (n = 10 per group). In 1996, 48 hatchlings were divided into four groups injected with 0 (control), 0.25, 1, or 2.5 mg/g lead. Few significant differences occurred in growth of size as a function of lead treatment at 4 mo of age, but survival declined markedly as a function of lead dose. Righting response was significantly impaired by lead, time to right was directly related to lead dose. Size also affected behavior, larger hatchlings turned over more quickly and reached cover sooner than did smaller hatchlings. |
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Effects of lead on birds (LARIDAE): A review of laboratory and field studies Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): and M. Gochfeld Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 3:59 -78, 2000 Abstract: |
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Effects of lead on larids: A review of laboratory and field studies Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Journal Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B 3: 59-78. Abstract: |
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Effects of lead on sibling recognition in young Herring Gulls Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Toxicological Sciences. 43: 155-160. Abstract: Lead exposure early in life affects physiology, behavior, and cognitive development in humans and other animals. In gulls, lead also disrupts parental recognition, leading to potential decreases in survival in wild populations. In this paper, young herring gulls, Larus argentatus, were used to examine the effect of lead on sibling recognition. Each of 80 one-day-old herring gull chicks was randomly assigned to either a control group or a lead treatment group that received a single dose of lead acetate solution (100 mg/kg) at day 2. Matched controls were injected with isotonic saline at the same age. At 10 days of age, there was no demonstrable sibling recognition in control chicks, but recognition was clearly developed by 15 days of age. Lead disrupted sibling recognition, and there still was no evidence of sibling recognition in lead-injected chicks by 26 days of age. Time to respond initially increased and then decreased with age in both control and lead-injected chicks. Control chicks that correctly reached their siblings did so in significantly less time than did lead-injected chicks, and they remained closer to their siblings at the end of the test. These experiments clearly demonstrate that lead disrupts sibling recognition in herring gull chicks, delays the time to respond and to reach their siblings, and increases the final distance chicks are from their calling siblings. In nature, lead-impaired chicks would be unable to use siblings as a cue enabling them to find their nests and might suffer higher mortality from territorial adults and chicks, as well as from cannibalistic adults. |
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Effects of motorboats and personal watercraft on flight behavior over a colony of common terns Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: The Condor 100: 528-534. Abstract: I examined the flight behavior of Common Terns (Sterna hirundo) over a nesting colony in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey in 1997. I used the number of birds flying over the colony to test the hypothesis that there were no differences in flight behavior as a function of presence and type of craft (motor boat, personal watercraft). For the overall model, 66% of the variation in the number of terns flying over the colony was explained by breeding period, type of craft,speed, route (established channel or elsewhere), the interaction of route and speed, and time of day. However, for the early stage of the reproductive cycle, type of craft, speed, and route explained 95% of the variation. Boats that raced elicited the strongest response, as did boats that were outside of the established channel. Boats traveling closer to the nesting colonies elicited stronger responses than those that remained in the channel. Personal watercrafts elicited stronger responses than motor boats. These data suggest that personal watercraft should be managed to reduce disturbance to colonial-nesting species, by eliminating them within 100 m of nesting colonies and restricting speed near such colonies. |
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Effects of oiling on feeding behavior of sanderlings and semipalmated plovers in New Jersey Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: The Condor 99: 290-298. Abstract: I examined the foraging behavior of Sanderlings (Calidris alba) and Semi-palmated Plovers (Charadrius semipalmatus) during their spring stopover period along the Atlantic coast of southern New Jersey following an oil spill. I used focal animal sampling to test the null hypothesis that there are no differences in foraging behavior as a function of the degree of oiling of birds. Nearly 50% of the foraging time of shorebirds was interrupted during the main period of beach oiling, primarily by clean-up personnel and vehicles that moved up and down the oiled beach, compared to less than 5% of the foraging time disruption at a control beach where birds were interrupted only by walkers and joggers. For both species, the time devoted to feeding decreased significantly, whereas the time devoted to standing about and preening increased significantly as percent of oiled plumage increased. For shorebirds that are already time-stressed in their refueling efforts before their long journey to arctic breeding grounds, these interruptions may prove fatal or might lower reproductive success once they reach the breeding grounds. |
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Effects of trophic status and wetland morphology, hydroperiod, and water chemistry on mercury concentrations in fish Author: Snodgrass, J.W., Other Author(s): C.H. Jagoe, A. L. Bryan Jr., H. A. Brant, and J. Burger Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 57: 171-180. Abstract: Abstract: We sampled fish and selected water chemistry variables (dissolved organic carbon, sulfate, and pH) in nine southeastern depression wetlands to determine relationships among wetland morphology (surface area and maximum depth). hydrology, water chemistry, and bioaccumulation of mercury (Hg) in fishes. We concentrated on three fish species representing the range of trophic levels occupied by fish in southeastern depression wetlands. Whole-body Hg concentrations were lowest in lake chubsucker (Erimyzon sucetta), a benthic detritivore, and highest in redfin pickerel (Esox americanus americanus), a top carnivore. However, variation in Hg concentrations among wetlands was greater than variation among species. Regression analyses indicated that maximum depth and hydroperiod accounted for significant portions of variation among wetlands in standardized lake chubsucker and redfin pickerel Hg concentrations. Maximum depth and dissolved organic carbon had a negative effect on standardized Hg concentrations in mud sunfish (Acantharchus pomotis). Path analysis confirmed the results of regression analyses, with maximum depth and hydroperiod having, relatively large direct negative effects on Hg concentrations. Our results suggest that leaching of Hg from sediments during the drying and reflooding cycle and binding of Hg species by dissolved organic carbon in the water column are primary factors controlling the bioavailability of Hg in southeastern depression wetlands. |
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Effects of tropic status and wetland morphology, hydrology, and water chemistry on mercury concentrations in fish Author: Snodgrass, J.W., Other Author(s): C. Jagoe, A.L. Bryan Jr., H. Brandt and J. Burger. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Can. J. of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57: 171-180. Abstract: |
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Effects of vapor extraction on contaminant flux to atmosphere and ground water Author: Poulsen, T.G., Other Author(s): J.W. Massmann, and P. Moldrup. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Journal of Environmental Engineering 122(8): 700-706. Abstract: Numerical simulations were used to evaluate the effects of vapor extraction operations on contaminant loadings to the atmosphere, the ground water, and to the vapor extraction well under application of vapor extraction. A two-dimensional numerical model for simulating migration of a volatile contaminant partitioned between the nonaqueous phase liquid, air, water, and solid phases in the unsaturated zone was developed and used in this study. The model was based on an explicit finite difference scheme. The sensitivity of vapor extraction efficiency and contaminant migration to system parameters was investigated. Results from model simulations show that well vacuum, nonaqueous phase liquid-air mass transfer rate, and inhomogencities in soil air conductivity have a significant influence on contaminant flux and the time required for contaminant removal. Contaminant loadings to the atmosphere and ground water were strongly dependent on well vacuum and soil air conductivity, but were almost independent on nonaqueous phase liquid-air mass transfer rate. |
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Emission rate apportionment from fugitive sources using open-path FTIR and mathematical inversion Author: Hashmonay R.A., Other Author(s): M.G. Yost, Y. Mamane, and Y. Benayahu. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Atmospheric Environment 33: 735-743. Abstract: This paper presents a detailed new methodology to address emissions from non-homogeneous fugitive gaseous air pollution sources. An open-path FTIR system is employed in a new field configuration, in which the main measurement path located downwind from the source and segmented into several secondary paths. The segmentation can be performed by retroreflectors or black bodies situated along the main measurement path, for a unistatic system or bistatic system respectively. An inversion technique is used, in conjunction with plume dispersion modeling techniques to reconstruct the emission rates distribution from different strips of the fugitive source. A field study to evaluate and validate the proposed methodology was conducted. In the validation field study, large and relatively cold black bodies ( ~ 1OO°C) were successfully used as the sources of infrared radiation. Emission rates from three controlled emission point sources of SF, were reconstructed by applying the suggested methodology, and agreed quite well in most runs of the field study. |
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Empirical investigation of hand-to-mouth transfer Author: Kissel, J., Other Author(s): J. Shirai, K. Richter, and R. Fenske. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 60: 379-386. Abstract: Estimates of risk attributable to soil contamination are often dependent upon assumed soil ingestion rates. Sources of ingestion rate estimates include calculation from assumptions regarding soil loading on hands, frequency of hand-to-mouth contact, and efficiency of transfer. For instance, Lepow et al. (1975) speculated that children might pass 10 mg of soil from hand to mouth 10 times per day, leading to ingestion of 100 mg of soil per day. Duggan and Williams (1977) produced a smaller estimate by assuming the relevant skin area involved only a part of one finger or a thumb, but also assumed 10 events per day. Alternative estimates derived from analyses of childrens' diets and excreta for elemental tracers (Calabrese and Stanek 1989, 1995; Davis et al. 1991) have since become available. However, those studies (which are subject to contradictory interpretation) do not explain the manner in which soil is ingested. Quantitative characterization of the process by which soil is transferred from children's hands to their mouths does not yet exist. In the case of adult soil ingestion rates, even less information is available. Hawley's (1985) estimate of ingestion of up to 480 mg of soil by adults on "active" days is cited in the Exposure Factors Handbook (EPA 1990) and sometimes appears in risk assessments. It is based on the assumption that an individual might transfer half the soil in a 3.75 mg/cm^2 layer covering the palmar side of the fingers and thumb of both hands from hand to mouth twice in a single day. Sheppard (1995) revisited Hawley's calculations and produced lower estimates primarily on the basis of lower assumed soil loadings. Prior soil ingestion estimates for both children and adults based on hypothetical exposure scenarios are summarized in Table 1. Results of a laboratory-based examination of hand-to-mouth transfer of soil are reported here. This work was undertaken to provide an empirical basis for evaluating assumptions used to estimate masses of soil and contaminant that might be transferred from hand to mouth. |
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Enhanced adaptive structuration theory: A theory of GIS-supported collaborative decision making Author: Nyerges, T., Other Author(s): and P. Jankowski. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Geographic Systems 4(3): 225-257. Abstract: |
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Enhanced Recreational Opportunities at U.S. DOE Sites: Economic Evaluation of an Alternative Land Use Scenario at Savannah River Site Author: Solitare, L., Other Author(s): K. Lowrie, M. Frisch, M. Greenberg, J.C. Noah, and J. Burger. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Federal Facilities Environmental Journal Winter:51-71. Abstract: The sites in our nation's nuclear weapons complex contain over 4,000 square miles of largely undeveloped, scenic, wildlife-rich, and ecologically unique lands. In light of recent directives and programs within the Department Of Energy (DOE) aimed toward multiple uses of sites and leasing or sale of excess lands, it is time to assess low-impact, low-risk, and cost-effective ways to utilize more of the environmental, ecological, and aesthetic values of these sites. This article examines wildlife-related outdoor recreation as an economic development option on and around DOE sites. We use an economic impact simulation model for the two-state region around the Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina to illustrate the economic benefits. The objective was to demonstrate the outcome of plausible alternatives. The article demonstrates that even a moderate investment in expanded recreation could add up to several hundred new jobs almost immediately and even morejobs 15 years into the future. To the extent that sportsmen and tourists travel from areas outside the two states, the benefites to the entire two-state region are increased. We also found that as an form of economic investment, recreation holds up well against other alternatives. |
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Enhancements for passive vapor extraction: The Hanford study Author: Ellerd M.G., Other Author(s): J.W. Massmann, D.P. Schwaegler, and V.J. Rohay. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Groundwater 37(3): 1-11. Abstract: Passive vapor extraction involves wells that are screened in the unsaturated zone and open to the atmosphere. Gas "I flow out of the subsurface through the open well during periods of low barometric pressure. Field and modeling studies have been completed to evaluate enhancements for a passive apor extraction system at a site contaminated with carbon tetrachloride on the Hanford nuclear reservation near Richland, Washington. During a 38-hour period of low barometric pressure, approximately 500 M3 of air were vented from the subsurface. Approximately 27 grams of carbon tetrachloride were removed from the subsurface during this same outflow event. On an annual basis, more than 15 kilograms of carbon tetrachloride have been removed from each of several passive extraction wells. Computer simulations based on the field data indicate that surface covers smaller than 30 in radius wfll result in relatively small enhancements of flow. However, with larger surface seals (i.e., up to 90 in radius), volumetric flow rates more than doubled. Simulations showed that check valves might increase the rate at which subsurface gases are extracted by a factor of nearly three. These estimates are sensitive to dispersion coefficients. If not properly designed, filters used to treat effluent gases from passive extraction svstems can significantly reduce the effectiveness of these systems. |
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Environmental attitudes and perceptions of future land use at the Savannah River Site: Are there racial differences Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 53: 255-262. Abstract: People make subjective judgments about the severity of environmental problems and on future land use relying on certain information, and on their experiences with the problem. This article examines perceptions of the severity of environmental problems, willingness to expend future funds to solve these problems, and future land use for the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina as a function of race. The null hypothesis that there are no racial differences in perceptions was tested. Of those interviewed, 23% of the 399 people were black, 75% were white, and 2% identified themselves as other. Blacks were significantly more willing than whites to spend federal funds to solve environmental problems such as cleaning up the SRS and Superfund sites, fixing ozone depletion, and reducing the threats from radon and high-tension power lines. There were statistically significant racial differences in preferences for future land use at the SRS, with blacks having a higher preference for using it as a preserve, and whites having a higher preference for a research park, camping, hiking, and hunting. These results indicate that the environmental concerns of the blacks interviewed were equal to or stronger than those of the whites. This is in contrast to much of previously published work that shows that blacks exhibit lower concerns and actions than whites for environmental problems. |
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Environmental monitoring on department of energy lands: The need for a holistic plan Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Strategic Environmental Management 1(4): 351-367. Abstract: The Department of Energy (DOE) is faced with a monumental environmental remediation and restoration task that may take decades and cost over 300 billion dollars. In this article I suggest that there is a need for a holistic environmental monitoring plan that can be used both to aid in remediation decisions as well as to evaluate remediation and restoration. The current operable unit approach of the DOE manages and remediates small hazardous waste sites without taking into account the vastness of the large DOE sites. This piecemeal approach never allows for an evaluation of the broader environmental problems or of the value of existing ecosystems established on the buffer lands around the restricted industrial sites. I suggest that an overall biological monitoring plan should be established that includes all levels of ecological organization, from single species indicators to ecosystem measures, and that includes bioindicators that can be used for both human and nonhuman receptors. A sound biomonitoring plan should provide information on all levels of ecological organization, including individual species, populations and communities, ecosystems, and landscapes. For biomonitoring to be effective, it must be relevant biologically, methodologically, and societally. Key elements in the plan must include indicators of all ecological levels that meet the criteria of these three relevancies. Although I provide some examples of key metrics, and particular species or species groups that are suitable for the Savannah River Site, I suggest that any plan will require modification. However, such a plan must address the three types of relevancies, and five levels of ecological organization. |
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Estimating maximum concentrations for open path monitoring along a fixed beam path Author: Yost, M.G., Other Author(s): R. A. Hashmonay, Y. Zhou, R. Spear, D.Y. Park, and S. Levine. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Journal of the Air Waste Management Association 49: 174-185. Abstract: Researchers have applied open path optical sensing techniques to a variety of workplace and environmental monitoring problems. Usually these data are reported in terms of a path-average (or path-integrated) concetration. When assessing potential human exposures along a beam path, this path-average value is not always informative, since concentrations along the path can vary substantially from the beam average. The focus of this research is to arrive at a method for estimating the upper-bound in contaminant concetrations over a fixed open beam path. The approach taken here uses a statistical model to estimate an upper-bound concentration based on a combination of the path-average and a measure of the spatial variability computed from point samples along the beam path. Results of computer simulations and experimental testing in a controoled ventilation chamber indicate that the model produced conservative estimates for the maximum concentration along the beam path. This approach may have many applicatons for open path monitoring in workplaces or wherever maximum concentrations are a concern. |
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Ethnicity and risk: fishing and consumption in people fishing along the Savannah River Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): W. Stephens, S. Boring, M. Kuklinsky, J. Whitfield Gibbons, and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Risk Analysis 19: 427-438. Abstract: We examine consumption petterns of 258 people fishing along the Savannah River. South Carolina has issued fish consumption advisories Savannah River baed on mercury and radionuclide levels. We test the null hypothesis that there are no differences in fishing rates and fish consumption as a function of age, education, ethnicity, employment history, and income. We also test the assumption of fish is less than the recreational value of 19kg/year. Ethnicity and education contributed significantly to explaining variations in number of fish meals per month, seving size, and total quantity of fish consumed per year. Blacks traveled less far, fished more often, ate more fish meals and slightly larger serving sizes, and consumed more fish per year than did Whites. Although education and income were correlated, it was education which contributed significantly to behavior; people who did not graduate from high school ate fish more often, ate more fish per year, and ate more whole fish. Computing the annual consumption of fish for each person individually, rather than using the mean rates of fishing times serving size indicates that 1) people who eat fish more often eat larger protions, 2) a substantial number of people consume more than the amout of fish used to compute risk to recreational fishermen (19 kg/year), 3) some people consume more than the subsistence level (50 kg/year), and 4) Blacks consume more fish per year than Whites, putting them at a greater risk from potential contaminants in fish. |
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Evaluating landscape health: Integrating societal goals and biophysical processes Author: Rapport, D.J., Other Author(s): C. Gaudet, J.R. Karr, J.S. Bacon, C. Bohlen, W. Jackson, B. Jones, R.J. Naiman, B. Norton, and M.M. Pollook. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Journal of Environmental Management 53: 1-15. Abstract: Evaluating landscape change requires the integration of the social and natural sciences. The social sciences contribute to articulating societal values that govern landscape change, while the natural sciences contribute to understanding the biophysical processes that are influenced by human activity and result in ecological change. Building upon Aldo Leopold's criteria for landscape health, the roles of societal values and biophysical processes in shaping the landscape are explored. A framework is developed for indicators of landscape health and integrity. Indicators of integrity are useful in measuring biological condition relative to the condition in landscapes largely unaffected by human activity, while indicators of health are useful in evaluating changes in highly modified landscapes. Integrating societal goals and biophysical processes requires identification of ecological services to be sustained within a given landscape. It also requires the proper choice of temporal and spatial scales. Societal values are based upon inter-generational concems at regional scales (e.g. soil and ground water quality). Assessing the health and integrity of the environment at the landscape scale over a period of decades best integrates societal values with unde*ng biophysical processes. These principles are illustrated in two contrasting case studies: (1) the South Platte River study demonstrates the role of complex biophysical processes acting at a distance; and (2) the Kissimmee River study illustrates the critical importance of social,cultural and economic concems in the design of remedial action plans. In both studies, however interactions between the social and the biophysical govemed the landscape outcomes. The legacy of evolution and the legacy of culture requires integration for the purpose of effectively coping with the environmental change. |
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Evaluation of virtual source beam configurations for rapid tomographic reconstruction of gas and vapor concentrations in workplaces Author: Park, D.Y., Other Author(s): M.G.Yost, and S.P.Levine. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Air & Waste Management Association Journal 45: 582-591. Abstract: Beam path average data from an Open Path Fourier Transform Infrared (OP-FTIR) spectrometer can be used to reconstruct two-dimensional concentration maps of the gas and vapor contaminants in workplaces and the environment using computed tomographic (CT) techniques. However, a practical limitation arises because in the past, multiple-source and detector units were required to produce a sufficient number of intersecting beam paths in order to reconstruct concentration maps. Such a system can be applied to actual field monitoring situations only with great expense and difficulty. A single monostatic OP-FTIR system capable of rapid beam movement can eliminate this deficiency. Instead of many source and detector units, a virtual source arrangement has been proposed using a number of flat mirrors and retroreflectors to obtain intersecting folded beam paths. Three virtual source beam configurations generated for a single-beam steerable FTIR system were tested using 54 flat mirrors and four retroreflectors or 54 flat mirrors and 56 retroreflectors mounted along the perimeter walls of a typical 24- x 21-ft test room. The virtual source CT configurations were numerically evaluated using concentration maps created from tracer gas concentration distributions measured experimentally in a test chamber. Synthetic beam path integral data were calculated from the test maps and beam configurations. Computer simulations of different beam configurations were used to determine the effects of beam geometry. The effects of noise and peak-reducing artifacts were evaluated. The performance of the tomographic reconstruction strategy was tested as a function of concentration and concentration gradients. |
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Experimental oiling of Sanderlings (Calidris alba): Behavior and weight changes Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): and N. Tsipoura. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17: 1154-1158. Abstract: We applied fresh and weathered oil from the Anitra oil spill to the belly feathers of experimental sanderlings (Calidris alba) to simulate 20% plumage oiling, whereas controls were stroked with clean swabs only. We tested the null hypotheses that 1) there were no differences in behavior following oiling, and 2) there were no differences in weight gain or loss in control and experimental birds. Control sanderlings showed no differences in behavior before and after oiling, but oiled birds spent significantly less time resting and more time bathing and preening than did control birds. There were significant differences in weight between the control and oiled birds. Following oiling, the sanderlings preened vigorously, spreading the oil so that they appeared to have oiling rates of 30%. Thereafter, the percentage of their plumage that was oiled decreased steadily over the next two weeks, but the birds never appeared completely free of oil. |
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Exposure measurement needs for hazardous waste sites: Two case studies Author: Georgopoulos, P.G., Other Author(s): and P.J. Lioy. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Toxicology and Industrial Health 12(5): 651-665. Abstract: The science of exposure assessment has been expanding both its theoretical and experimental bases over the past two years. Recent theoretical work published by the authors in the Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology (Volume 4, Number 3, 1994) has defined a multistep process to couple measurement data with mathematical models of exposure and dose. The present manuscript discusses the need for improving the measurement of exposure in order to reduce uncertainties in the potential risk and, eventually, the occurrences of health outcomes in the community environment. The discussion focuses on hazardous waste sites and how improving or routinely introducing exposure measurements to the remedial investigation can lead to a better understanding of how the potential population can get exposed via single or multiple activities. This information can help to better understand the need for specific remediation actions and selection of the types of models that can be used to predict exposure for a large population and to estimate the reduction in postremediation exposure for a local population (National Research Council, 1991). |
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Factors in exposure assessment: Ethnic and socioeconomic differences in fishing and consumption of fish caught along the Savannah River Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): W.L. Stephens, Jr., C.S. Boring, M. Kuklinski, J.W. Gibbons, and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Risk Analysis 19(3): 427-438. Abstract: South Carolina has issued fish consumption advisories for the Savannah River based on mercury and radionuclide levels. We examine differences in fishing rates and fish consumption of 258 people interviewed while fishing along the Savannah River, as a function of age, education, ethnicity, employment history, and income, and test the assumption that the average consumption of fish is less than the recreational value of 19 kg/year assumed by risk assessors. Ethnicity and education contributed significantly to explaining variations in number of fish meals per month, serving size, and total quantity of fish consumed per year. Blacks fished more often, ate more fish meals of slightly larger serving sizes, and consumed more fish per year than did Whites. Although education and income were correlated, educa- tion contributed most significantly to behavior; people who did not graduate from high school ate fish more often, ate knore fish per year, and ate more whole fish than people who graduated from high school. Computing consumption of fish for each person individually indicates that (1) people who eat fish more often also eat larger portions, (2) a substantial number of people consume more than the amount of fish used to compute risk to recreational fishermen, (3) some people consume more than the subsistence level default assumption (50 kg/year) and (4) Blacks consume more fish per year than Whites, putting them at greater risk from contaminants in fish. Overall, ethnicity, age, and education contributed to variations in fishing behavior and consumption. |
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Field measurement of dermal soil loading attributable to various activities: Implications for exposure assessment Author: Kissel, J.C., Other Author(s): K.Y. Richter, and R.A. Fenske. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Risk Analysis 16(1): 115-125. Abstract: Estimates of soil adherence to skin are required for assessment of dermal exposures to contaminants in soils. Previously available estimates depend heavily on indirect measurements and/or artificial activities and reflect sampling of hands only. Results are presented here from direct measurement of soil loading on skin surfaces of volunteers before and after normal occupational and recreational activities that might reasonably be expected to lead to soil contact. Skin surfaces assayed included hands, forearms, lower legs, faces and/or feet. Observed hand loadings vary over five orders of magnitude (roughly from 10^-3 to 10^2 mg/cm^2) and are dependent upon type of activity. Hand loadings within the current default range of 0.2 to 1.0 mg/cm^2 were produced by activities providing opportunity for relatively vigorous soil contact (rugby, fanning). Loadings less than 0.2 mg/cm^2 were found on hands following activities presenting less opportunity for direct soil contact (soccer, professional grounds maintenance) and on other body parts under manyconditions. The default range does not, however, represent a worst case. Children playing in mud on the shore of a lake generated geometric mean loadings well in excess of 1 mg/cm^2 on hands, arms, legs, and feet. Post-activity average loadings on hands were typically higher than average loadings on other body parts resulting from the same activity. Hand data from limited activities cannot, however. be used to conservatively predict loadings that might occur on other body surfaces without regard to activity since non-hand loadings attributable to higher contact activities exceeded hand loadings resulting from lower contact activities. Differences between pre- and post-activity loadings also demonstrate that dermal contact with soil is episodic. Typical background (pre-activity) geometric mean loadings appear to be on the order of 10^-2 mg/cm^2 or less. Because exposures are activity dependent, quantification of dermal exposure to soil will remain inadequate until data describing relevant human behavior (type of activity, frequency, duration including interval before bathing, clothing wom, etc.) are generated. |
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Field Measurement of Dermal Soil Loadings in Occupational and Recreational Activities Author: Holmes, K.K., Other Author(s): J.H. Shirai, K.Y. Richter, J.C. Kissel. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Environmental Research 80(2):148-157. Abstract: Risks associated with dermal exposure to contaminated soil are not well-characterized, but nevertheless must be estimated to define endpoints for remedial strategies. Among the parameters contributing to the uncertainty of these estimates is soil adherence to skin. Pre- and postactivity soil loadings have been obtained from hands, forearms, lower legs, faces, and/or feet of volunteers engaged in various occupational and recreational activities. These data are distinguished from other sources of estimates of soil adherence by the manner of their collection. Soil loads were obtained directly from multiple body parts before and after uncontrived exposure scenarios. Data presented for the first time here supplement prior results and roughly double the available data base. This expanded data base provides a useful perspective on types of behavior likely to lead to soil contact falling within general classes of activity (e.g., background, low, moderate, or high contact). Prior conclusions supported by the additional data include the following: (1) post-activity loadings are typically higher than preactivity levels, demonstrating that exposure is episodic; (2) hand loadings are dependent upon class of activity; (3) hand loadings generally provide conservative estimates of loadings on nonhand body parts within activity classes; and (4) hand loadings do not provide conservative estimates of nonhand loadings across activity classes. Finally quantitative estimates of relative loads on unclothed nonhand body parts are presented. |
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Fishing and risk along the Savannah River: Possible intervention Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 55: 405-419. Abstract: Fishing is often perceived as an enjoyable activity, and eating fish is viewed as safe and healthful. However, with recent increases in consumption advisories because of contamination, the public is faced with whether to eat fish or not. In this article I examine the knowledge base of people fishing along the Savannah River, where South Carolina has issued consumption advisories because of mercury and radionuclides. Over 250 people fishing from the Augusta lock and dam to south of the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site (SRS) were interviewed from early April until late November 1997. Overall 82 % of the fishermen thought the fish were safe to eat, even though 62% had heard some warnings about eating the fish. There were significant differences in whether people thought the fish were safe to eat as a function of income, age, education, and whether they were employed at the Savannah River Site. Significantly more fishermen thought the fish were safe who made more than $20,0001year, v&-te over 34 yr of age, worked at SRS, and had no college or technical training, compared to others. Significantly fewer blacks had heard of consumption advisories than whites, fewer low-income people had heard, and fewer people who had not worked at SRS had heard, compared to others. Most peo- ple heard about the advisories from television, newspapers, and other people, although more blacks than whites heard about advisories from the radio. There Were also significant ethnic differences in distance traveled, and in whether specific fish were frozen consumption. These data can be used to design an information program to target the peo- ple who may be most at risk from eating fish obtained from the Savannah River. |
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Fishing in a polluted estuary: Fishing behavior, fish consumption, and potential risk Author: May, H., Other Author(s): and J. Burger. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Risk Analysis 16(4): 459-471. Abstract: People make subjective judgments about hazards relying on what they know and feel. These risk perceptions may be based on accurate or inaccurate information and are often optimistically biased. The existence of uncertainties in the evaluation of many environmental hazards effects how risks are perceived. This paper examines fish consumption and risk perception of urban fishermen in the New York/New Jersey estuary, in areas where there were consumption advisories. We interviewed 318 fishermen and crabbers in the Arthur Kill, Raritan Bay, and New Jersey shore. Fish were eaten an average of at least four times per month in all regions, but fishermen in the Arthur Kill fished most frequently, averaging over eight times per month. Although 60% of fishermen and crabbers in the Arthur Kill reported hearing wamings about consuming fish caught in these waters, 70% of fishermen and 76% of crabbers said they ate their catch. Significantly fewer fishermen in the Bay and Shore regions had heard warnings (28% and 30%, respectively), and more reported consuming their catch (88% and 82%, respectively). In all regions, most people thought that the fish were safe to eat, many believing they were "fresher" than store bought fish. Thus, most people ignored the consumption advisories in effect for these waters. Some of these people are consuming high quantities of fish and crabs, and thus are exposed to potentially deleterious levels of contaminants. In general, people failed to consider the possibility of chronic effects and did not perceive that this enjoyable, familiar pastime could be hazardous. Further, fishermen generally had great confidence in their own knowledge, which proved to be inaccurate in many cases, and often expressed distrust in the information source (government). Clearly, simply issuing consumption advisories is insufficient to promote risk-reducing behavior. |
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Fishing in urban New Jersey: Ethnicity affects information sources, perception, and compliance Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): K.K. Pflugh, L. Lurig, L.A. VonHagan, and S. VonHagan. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Risk Analysis 19: 217-229. Abstract: Recreational and subsistence angling are important aspects of urban culture for much of North America where people are concentrated near the coasts or major rivers. Yet there are fish and shellfish advisories for many estuaries, rivers, and lakes, and these are not always heeded. This paper examines fishing behavior, sources of information, perceptions, and compliance with fishing advisories as a function of ethnicity for people fishing in the Newark Bay Complex of the New York-New Jersey Harbor. We test the null hypothesis that there were no ethnic differences in sources of information, perceptions of the safety of fish consumption, and compliance with advisories. There were ethnic differences in consumption rates, sources of information about fishing, knowledge about the safety of the fish, awareness of fishing advisories or of the correct advisories, and knowledge about risks for increased cancer and to unborn and young children. In general, the knowledge base was much lower for Hispanics, was intermediate for blacks, and was greatest for whites. When presented with a statement about the potential risks from eating fish, there were no differences in their willingness to stop eating fish or to encourage pregnant women to stop. These results indicate a willingness to comply with advisories regardless of ethnicity, but a vast difference in the base knowledge necessary to make informed risk decisions about the safety of fish and shellfish. Although the overall median income level of the population was in the $25,000- 34,999 income category, for Hispanics it was on the border between $15,000-24,999 and $25,000-34,999. |
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Fishing, consumption, and risk perception in fisherfolk along an east coast estuary Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): J. Sanchez, and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Environmental Research 77: 25-32. Abstract: Increasingly public and governmental agencies are concerned about the safety of fish and shellfish that recreational fishermen consume. Fishing behavior, consumption patterns, and risk perceptions were examined for people fishing and crabbing in Barnegat Bay, NJ. Women fished in significantly larger groups than men, and their groups included more children. Subjects fished an average of seven times per month and crabbed three times per month; they caught fish on most outings, and 80% ate their catch. Subjects consumed fish an average of five times a month, eating just under 10 oz (ca. 280 g) per meal. Only 25% of the fish consumed by women, and 49% of the fish consumed by men, are self-caught. Nearly 90% of the people believe the fish and crabs from Barnegat Bay are safe to eat, although about 40% have heard some warnings about their safety. Most people heard about advisories from newspapers or television. Most subjects believe that saltwater fish are safer than freshwater fish and that fish they catch themselves or buy in a bay store are safer than those from a supermarket. People generally do not have a clear understanding of the relationship between contaminants and fish size or trophic level, suggesting an avenue for risk reduction. |
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Flow cytometric determination of metallothionein levels in human peripheral blood lymphocytes: Utility in environmental exposure assessment Author: Yurkow, E.J., Other Author(s): and P. R. Makhijani. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 54(6): 445-457. Abstract: Metallothioneins (MT) are ubiquitous, low-molecular-weight proteins that exhibit high binding affinities for heavy metal ions. The expression of these cysteine-rich proteins is induced in response to various types of chemical and physical stresses and therefore can be used to assess human exposure to cytotoxic environmental agents. In the current study, MT levels of human peripheral blood lymphocytes were determined using an MT-specific antibody and flow cytometry. Treatment of human whole blood ex vivo with CdCl2 was found to induce a concentration- and time-dependent increase in lymphocyte MT levels at concentrations as low as 0.3 M and within a 12-h period. Interestingly, differences were observed in the magnitude of cadmium-induced MT levels in the lymphocytes of six human test subjects. Two members of the study population exhibited CdCl2-induced cellular MT levels that were up to twofold greater than the lymphocytes of other human subjects. While the lymphocytes of most test subjects exhibited a symmetric (unimodal) distribution of cadmium-induced MT-specific fluorescence, the cells of two individuals displayed a heterogeneous (nonuniform) distribution of MT levels. Dual-parameter flow cytometric analysis using phenotype-specific antibodies indicated that variations in the responsiveness of subpopulations of lymphocytes to CdCl2 were responsible for the heterogeneous distribution of MT-specific cellular fluorescence. T-helper (CD4-positive) and T-suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8-positive) lymphocytes expressed higher cellular levels of MT than other lymphocyte subpopulations (i.e., B lymphocytes, natural killer cells). Our results suggest that MT protein levels of peripheral blood lymphocytes, as determined by this flow cytometric method, may be used to assess human exposure to toxic metals and to characterize various quantitative/qualitative aspects of the response of individuals to cadmium and possibly to other types of environmental stresses. |
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Fourth party to the triparty: Getting involved at Hanford Author: Boiko, P.E., Other Author(s): T.K. Takaro. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1995 Citation: llIahee: Journal of the Northwest Environment 11(384): 184-192. Abstract: American taxpayers paid $8 billion over the last eight years to clean up the mixed chemical and nuclear waste at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation, yet this 560-square-mile eastern Washington reserve of complex waste housed in an aged and crumbling infrastructure remains a quagmire of contamination (Zorpette,1996). Assistant Secretary of Energy for Environment, Safety, and Health Tara O'Toole summarized health and safety problems at Hanford by declaring, "The nuclear weapons complex will pose a greater threat in the next 10 years to workers and the public than at its peak of production" (Valenti 1994). |
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Frequency of use and perceived credibility of information sources and variations by socioeconomic factors among Savannah River stakeholders Author: Williams, B. Other Author(s): A. Vallei, S. Brown, and M. Greenberg Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 200X Citation: Risk: Health Safety & Environment 69. Abstract: Introduction The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has had trouble effectively communicating risks to the public and involving the public in future site activity. Historically, residents living near DOE sites such as nuclear weapons facilities have voiced distrust and uncertainty about the environmental policies of the DOE complexes. 1Those living near DOE nuclear weapons facilities assert that they are poorly informed about various activities at the sites and that the DOE does not listen to their concerns and needs. 2 Residents living near the DOE's Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action programs (FUSRAP) also report being inadequately informed about various remediation activities at the sites. 3 Lack of public awareness concerning such issues at DOE sites has resulted in lowered and exaggerated public concern and a lack of public involvement in policy decision-making. The DOE is attempting to find better ways to involve and communicate with stakeholders. Such an endeavor involves understanding factors that impact stakeholders willingness to be involved with the DOE, including stakeholder perceptions, beliefs, demographic characteristics, and communication sources. This paper describes an effort to investigate these factors among residents living near the DOE's Savannah River Nuclear Weapons Site (SRS). To understand the problems the DOE has with its stakeholders or residents living near the SRS, it is necessary to first delineate the importance of risk communication and how it is conceptualized in the context of risk-related remediation efforts. |
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Future land use and concerns about the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory: Perceptions and concerns of urban dwellers Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): D. E. Roush Jr., D. Wartenberg, and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Environmental Management 24(4):541-551. Abstract: We examined environmental concerns and future land-use preferences of 487 people attending the Boise River Festival in Boise, Idaho, USA, about the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), owned by the US Department of Energy (DOE). We were particularly interested in the perceptions of urban dwellers living at some distance from the facility, since attitudes and perceptions are usually examined for people living near such facilities. More than 50% of the people were most worried about contamination and about waste storage and transport, another 23% were concerned about human health and accidents and spills, and the rest listed other concerns such as jobs and the economy or education. When given a list of possible concerns, accidents and spills, stor- age of current nuclear materials, and storage of additional nuclear materials were rated the highest. Thus both open- ended and structured questions identified nuclear storage and accidents and spills as the most important concerns, even for people living far from a DOE site. The highest rated future land uses were: National Environmental Research Park, recreation (including hiking, camping, fishing and hunting), and returning the land to the Shoshone-Bannock tribes; the lowest rated future land uses were homes and increased nuclear waste storage. These relative rankings are similar to those obtained for other Idahoans living closer to the site and for people living near the Savannah River Site, another DOE facility in South Carolina. The concern expressed about accidents and spills and waste storage trans- lated into a desire not to see additional waste brought to INEEL and a low rating for using INEEL for building homes. |
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Gender differences in attitudes about fish safety in a coastal population Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 53: 181-192. Abstract: Behavioral approaches to reducing the adverse health effects of consuming fish with high contaminant levels benefit from understanding attitudes and perceptions about the relative safety of fish. Gender differences in attitudes about fish safety were investigated by interviewing 197 men and 94 women who attended a Duck Decoy show at Tuckerton, NJ. There were significant gender differences in perceptions of the safety of fish, ducks, and deer, with women generally believing that it was less safe to eat these foods than did men. Although people correctly perceived that ocean, fish were safer than bay-caught fish from a chemical contaminant perspective, perceptions were less clear with respect to consuming predatory or herbivorous, or large versus small fish. Although men significantly perceived small fish as safer than large fish, women did not. However, people correctly believed that bluefish (a predaceous fish) were less safe than flounder (an herbivore). People uniformly believed it was safer to eat fish they caught themselves or bought in a fish store than those from a supermarket. These results suggest that any program to inform the public about the potential dangers from contaminated fish should take into account gender differences in perceptions. |
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Gender differences in meal patterns: role of self-caught fish and wild game in meat and fish diets. Author: Burger. J, Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Academic Press Environmental Research Section A 83, 140-149 Abstract: The hypothesis that there are gender differences in consumption patterns of self-caught fish and wild game in the meat and fish diet was examined for 415 people attending the Palmetto Sportsmen's Classic in Columbia, South Carolina. Women were less likely to eat most types of wild fish and game than were men, although there were no gender differences in the percentage eating beef, chicken, pork, and restaurant and store-bought fish. Similarly, women consumed significantly fewer meals of wild-caught fish and game than did men, although the number of meals of most store-bought foods did not differ. Both men and women who ate more meals of fish ate a higher percentage of wild-caught fish than either store-bought or restaurant fish. People with low number of fish and meat meals ate mainly fish; people eating over 30 meals of meat and fish a month ate mainly meat. Only about 9% of those interviewed said that they changed their fish consumption patterns when they, or their spouse, were pregnant. These gender-specific data on protein consumption can be used for exposure assessment and risk management decisions regarding consumption advisories for wild-caught fish and game. |
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Gender differences in recreational use, environmental attitudes and perceptions of future land use at the Savannah River Site Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): J. Sanchez, J.W. Gibbons, and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Environment and Behavior 30: 472-486. Abstract: Perceptions are critical to making decisions about our environment, particularly contaminated sites. Gender differences in recreational use, attitudes toward environmental problems, and perceptions of land use for the Savannah River Site (Department of Energy) were examined in people living near the Site. Bird watching, photography and fishing were the most common activities. Men engaged in more hunting, fishing, hiking and camping, and women photographed more than men. There were significant gender differences in attitudes toward future land use, with women showing lower scores than men for hiking, camping, fishing, hunting, nuclear production, factories, building houses, and storage of nuclear waste. Maintaining Savannah River Site as a National Environmental Research Park was the highest priority for both genders, while storing nuclear wastes and building homes ranked lowest for both. Planners should consider recreational use as an important future land use of this Department of Energy site, taking into account gender differences. |
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Genetics and public health Author: Omenn, G.S. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: American Journal of Public Health 86(12): 1701-1704. Abstract: The demonstratiob about 40 years ago that an inbron error of metabolism, phenylketonuria(PKU), could be diagnosed at birth so that chirldren treated with an appropiate diet would avoid becoming metally retrated exploded two myths about genetics:first, that genetic effects are immutable and, second, that "nature' were competiing explanations, rathr than intereating factors, in health and disease. The introduction of prenatal diagnosis of specific chronmosoomal and inherited disorders about 25 years ago provided tools for determining wheather a particular baby was affected or not affected with the disorder about which the prospective parents had reason to worry. No longer were genetic counselors and caregivers restricted to probabilistic statements about the recurrence of the particular disorder. These developments stimulated an avalanche of important and clinically usueful advances in human genetics. Nevertheless, both of these examples presented complications. In the diagnosis of phenylketonuria, we are slow to recognize the increased levels of phenylalanine in the blood of the newborn could be due to multpul mutations, not just phenylketonuria, refecting the general rule of heterogeneity of mutations. Only about half of the infants who were positive on the screening test actually had phenylketonuria, and some, fortunately rare, infants had mutation that made them need more than normal phenylalanine in the diet to develop normally. In prenatal diagnosis, we had to take great pains to emphasize to parents, referring physicians, and the media that no test could guarantee a "normal child"; the tests were directed at specific diagnosable condidtions, which are still a minority of those for which reliable diagnoses arer desired. Meanwhile, the capacity to test the chromosomes made possible the determination of the sex of the fetus., with the specter that some parents might use this test to chose the sex of their baby. That proved to be quite infrequent and was discouraged. Controvery did arise, of course, from the fact that parents facing a diagnosis of a severe, untreatable conditionmight choose to terminate the pregnancy. In fact, fully informed, they generally would already very likely to terminate the pregnancy; overall, therefore, many more pregnancies have been saved by prenatal diagnosis showing that the fetus was unaffected with the condition the parents feared. |
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Geographic information systems for risk evaluation: Perspectives on applications to environmental health Author: Nyerges, T., Other Author(s): M. Robkin, and T.J. Moore. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Cartography and Geographic Information Systems: GIS and Risk Assessment 24(3): 123-144. Abstract: Geographic information system (GIS) applications for risk evaluation concerning environmental and ecological health are appearing with greater frequency. In this paper, we devise a conceptual framework for risk evaluation that encompasses and synthesizes several component frameworks (including risk scoping, risk communication, risk assessment(risk analysis), risk management, and risk monitoring) concerning environmental health, and hence human and ecological impacts. The purpose of devising the framework was to understand better where, when, and how GIS might be used for risk evaluation, and to identify gaps in knowledge requiring further research. An examination of 40 publications shows that most of the research done on the use of GIS for risk evaluation concerned applications in risk assessment rather than risk scoping, management, and risk monitoring. A four-level risk assessment framework is proposed, and criteria for evaluating the work are used to clarify what has been accomplished overall and where research opportunities exist. Future directions for the application of GIS in risk evaluation are suggested. |
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Geographical dimensions and correlates of trust Author: Greenberg, M., Other Author(s): and B. Williams. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Risk Analysis 19(2): 159-169. Abstract: A sample of 323 residents of New Jersey stratified by neighborhood quality (excellent, good, fair, poor) was gathered to determine if trust in science and technology to protect public health and environment at the societal scale was associated with trust of the local officials, such as the mayor, health officer, developers, mass media, and legislators who are guardians of the local environment. Societal (trust of science and technology) and neighborhood (mayor, health officer) dimensions of trust were found. These societal and neighborhood trust dimensions were weakly correlated. Respondents were divided into four trust-of-authority groups: high societal-high neighborhood, low societal-low neighborhood, high societal-low neighborhood, and low societal-high neighborhood. High societal-high neighborhood trust respondents were older, had lived in the neighborhoods for many years, were not troubled much by neighborhood or societal environmental threats, and had a strong sense of control over their environment. In strong contrast, low societal-low neighborhood trust respondents were relatively young, typically had lived in their present neighborhood for a short time, were troubled by numerous neighborhood and societal environmental threats, did not practice many personal public health practices, and felt little control over their environment. |
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Group-based geographic information systems for transportation impovement site selection Author: Nyerges, T.L., Other Author(s): R. Montejano, C. Oshiro, and M. Dadswell. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Transpn Res.-C 5(6): 349-369. Abstract: Transportation improvement site selection exemplifies transportation decision making that is collaborative in nature and geographically based. Such decision-making is part of a broad societal trend toward shared and participatory discussions about public investment. Perspectives from three different transportation decision contexts in the Puget Sound Region of Washington State, a regional council, a county government and a public-private Coalition group, are combined with a literature review to develop a decision task model that summarizes the need for information technology support during transportation improvement site selection. The task model guides the development of a decision support system requirement specification that outlines integrated information capabilities provided by geographic information system (GIS) and group support system (GSS) technologies. Together, GIS and GSS capabilities contribute to evolving group-based GIS. The kinds of capabilities a group-based GIS could offer in addressing the needs are identified. A report on the use of a prototype, group-based GIS called Spatial Group Choice highlights the possibilities in an inter-organizational coalition decision context. The conclusions discuss needs for future technology developments and social-behavioral science studies on these developments.Transportation improvement site selection exemplifies transportation decision making that is collaborative in nature and geographically based. Such decision-making is part of a broad societal trend toward shared and participatory discussions about public investment. Perspectives from three different transportation decision contexts in the Puget Sound Region of Washington State, a regional council, a county government and a public-private Coalition group, are combined with a literature review to develop a decision task model that summarizes the need for information technology support during transportation improvement site selection. The task model guides the development of a decision support system requirement specification that outlines integrated information capabilities provided by geographic information system (GIS) and group support system (GSS) technologies. Together, GIS and GSS capabilities contribute to evolving group-based GIS. The kinds of capabilities a group-based GIS could offer in addressing the needs are identified. A report on the use of a prototype, group-based GIS called Spatial Group Choice highlights the possibilities in an inter-organizational coalition decision context. The conclusions discuss needs for future technology developments and social-behavioral science studies on these developments. |
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Hagerstrand revisited: Interactive space-time visualizations of complex Spatial data Author: Hedley, N.R., Other Author(s): C.H. Drew, E.A. Arfin, and A. Lee. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Informatica 23: 155-168. Abstract: Technological advances have rapidly changed the nature of spatial analytical tools in recent years. A tendency is for tool development to outpace theoretical and conceptual development. Occasionally, some conceptual frameworks must await the arrival of tools that can operationalize the elegance and sophistication they embody. This paper calls for reconsideration of a conceptual framework introduced by Hagerstrand (1970). It has taken until the late 1990s for tools appropriate for implementation of Hagerstrand's framework to develop, so that we may apply it in a meaningful and accessible manner that is grounded in pragmatic application. This paper shows that the visual component of Hagerstrand's space-time conceptual framework may now be operationalized, using advanced spatial analytical visualization techniques. We demonstrate a robust visual representation, its value in a real-world case study, and discuss the potential for future applications of this technique. A key theme in this work is that the fusion of space-time conceptual frameworks and appropriate spatial analytical visualization techniques (such as GIS) can make significant progress in facilitating user access to spatial data bases (in terms of understanding the data, as well as physical access). This is necessary to foster more democratic processes in collaborative settings. The project described in this paper meets that challenge, and appears to be the first example of an implementation that explicitly attempts to bridge this gap. |
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Hagerstrand revisited: Interactive space-time visualization of complex spatial data Author: Hedley, N.R., Other Author(s): C.H. Drew, E.A. Arfin, and A. Lee. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Informatica (Ljubljana) 23(2) 155-168. Abstract: Technological advances have rapidly changed the nature of spatial analytical tools in recent years. A tendency is for tool development to outpace theoretical and conceptual development. Occasionally, some conceptual frameworks must await the arrival of tools that can operationalize the elegance and sophistication they embody. This paper calls for reconsideration of a conceptual framework introduced by Hagerstrand (1970). It has taken until the late 1990s for tools appropriate for implementation of Hagerstrand's framework to develop, so that we may apply it in a meaningful and accessible manner that is grounded in pragmatic applications. This paper shows that the visual component of Hagerstrand's space-time conceptual framework may now be operationalized, using advanced spatial analytical visualization techniques. We demonstrate a robust visual representation, its value in a real-world case study, and discuss the potential for future applications of this technique. A key theme in this work is that the fusion of space-time conceptual frameworks and appropriate spatial analytical visualization techniques (such as GIS) can make significant progress in facilitating user access to spatial data bases (in terms of understanding the data, as well as physical access). This is necessary to foster more democratic processes in collaborative settings. The project described in this paper meets that challenge, and appears to be the first example of an implementation that explicitly attempts to bridge this gap. (Author abstract) [References: 15] |
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Hazards, risk and the press – What is important?: A comparative analysis of newspaper coverage of nuclear and chemical weapons sites Author: Lowrie, K., Other Author(s): and M. Greenberg. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Risk: Health, Safety and Environment 11(1): 49-67. Abstract: |
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Health of the Hanford site conference to address key issues Author: Barnhart, S. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Tri-City Herald, Sunday, November 1, Section D3. Abstract: |
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Heavy metals in bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles: Effects of depuration before analysis Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): and J. Snodgrass. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Environmental Toxicology Chemistry 17(11): 2203-2209. Abstract: Although tadpoles may well be excellent organisms to use as bioindicators of heavy metal contamination, the relationship of deposition in the body compared to the tail, and the effect of sediments or other debris in the digestive tract on heavy metal concentrations is unknown. We examined the effect of experimental deputation of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles on heavy metal and selenium concentrations in intact tadpoles, as well as their bodies and tails. We defined deputation in this experiment as allowing defecation as an elimination process for intestinal contents (=clearing). We maintained wild-caught tadpoles in clean water for 0, 24, 48, and 72 h to determine the effects of clearing on heavy metal concentrations. We also examined the concentrations of heavy metals in the whole body and digestive tract separately. We test the null hypotheses that no differences occur in metals as a function of time in uncontaminated water, and that no differences occur in metal concentrations in the body compared to the tail and to the digestive tract. We rejected these hypotheses based on regression models. Variance in concentrations of chromium (77%) and lead (70%) were explained by part (body, tail, whole body) and clearing time; for manganese (80%), mercury (64%), selenium (28%), and cadmium (25%) the variation was explained only by body part; for arsenic (53%), the variation was explained by part, clearing time, and weight of the various parts. For those metals in which clearing time explained part of the variation, metal concentrations in both the body and tail decreased after 24 and 48 h, but increased slightly thereafter. Clearing, however, did not greatly decrease metal concentrations in either the body or tail. These data suggest that for some metals (mercury, manganese, cadmium, selenium), clearing has no effect, and for others the effect is slight. For fresh tadpoles, however, the digestive tract contained significantly higher concentrations of all metals than either the body or head, probably reflecting metals absorbed to sediment particles in the gut. |
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Human health and the environment: Progress and prospects Author: Upton, A.C. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Technology 7: 223-240. Abstract: Advances in nutrition, sanitation, and public health during the past century have dramatically improved the health of populations in industrialized countries, in which the major causes of disability and death are now cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and other chronic disorders. Since the latter are being linked increasingly to extrinsic, or "environmental" factors, strategies to identify such risk factors and evelop means for their control have come to the fore in public health. The methodologies employed in such strategies, problems that have limited their effectiveness thus far, and some of the pertinent research needs are surveyed briefly in the report that follows. |
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Human variability in mercury toxicokinetics and steady state biomarker ratios Author: Bartell, S.M, Other Author(s): R.A. Ponce, R.N. Sanga, and E.M. Faustman. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Environmental Research, Section A 84: 127-132. Abstract: |
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Hunting and exposure: Estimating risk and future use at nuclear production sites Author: Sanchez, J., Other Author(s): and J. Burger. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Risk: Health, Safety and Environment Spring(9): 109-118. Abstract: Decisions concerning the reuse and remediation of contaminated nuclear production sites should be based upon realistic and supportable assumptions of use and risk. We argue that specific rather than generic criteria are needed to make informed decisions, and it illustrates, using one site as an example, that basic land use information can provide crucial data about the risk assessment and reuse decision process. In recent years, a major planning issue for the government(1)and for some regional and local planners,(2) has been the identification of future uses for U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sites and facilities. Since 1994, twenty DOE sites have been involved in the Future Use Project, a project designed to reconfigure DOE activities and land holdings.(3) Through a formal planning process involving the public, fifteen of those twenty sites have developed recommendations for future land use. Although many factors generally influence the remediation and future use of DOE sites, land suitability and public opinion will likely play increasingly significant roles in determining future use scenarios. Risk assessment concerning site contamination is an important element of the DOE's decision process regarding the future use and remediation of production sites. This is especially important for uses such as recreation which may involve large segments of the population. Consequently, consideration of local preferences and practices will be necessary in developing realistic exposure scenarios for accurate risk assessments.(4) This research concentrates on the recreational use at one DOE site. Specifically, it focuses on the hunting and fishing that took place at the Crackerneck portion of the Savannah River Site in South Carolina during the 1995-96 hunting season. |
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Implications of research for remediation technology design Author: Faustman, E.M. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Risk Excellence Notes 1(9): 9. Abstract: Research of the CRESP Remediation Technology Task Group aims to identify optimal conditions for cleanup technologies, which can inform policy on environmental remediation. Two projects exemplify this research. At the Department of Energy's (DOE) Hanford 200 West area, Joel Massmann collaborates with contractors at the site to investigate transport and removal of carbon tetrachloride from the vadose zone via soil vapor extraction (SVE), an available technology. A computer model was developed to describe migration of carbon tetrachloride vapors through the vadose zone during SVE remediation. This research at Hanford has identified design changes and timing strategies that can improve SVE efficiency, thereby reducing groundwater contamination. At DOE's Savannah River site, David Kosson and colleagues investigate impacts of soil characteristics on trichloroethylene extraction. Their findings have become driving factors for determining efficient operation and eventual cessation of SVE at the C-Area Burning Rubble Pit. |
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Improving neighborhood quality: A hierarchy of needs Author: Greenberg, M.R. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Housing Policy Debate 10(3): 601-623. Abstract: A sample of 306 residents of New Jersey stratified by type of neighborhood was gathered in order to measure the association of residents' ratings of neighborhood quality with neighborhood attributes and residents'characteristics. Poor neighborhood quality was strongly associated with crime/vandalism and physical decay, as well as with mistrust of authority, negative emotions. pessimism, and a lack of sense of mastery of the environment. The policy implications of these findings are important. First, improving schools, controlling locally unwanted land uses, and improving other neighborhood conditions, will help improve neighborhood quality only if crime and blight are ccontrolled. Second, many residents of poor and fair quatlity neighborhoods mistrust authority, including the local officals and potential investors who will spearhead neighborhood redevelopment. This destructive form of mistrust must be addressed. |
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Induction of growth arrest and DNA damage inducible genes Gadd45 and Gadd153 in primary rodent embryonic cells following exposure to methylmercury Author: Ying, C.O., Other Author(s): S.A. Thompson, S.C. Kirchner, T.J. Kavanagh, and E.M. Faustman. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 147: 31-38. Abstract: Methylmercury (MeHg) is recognized as a significant environmental hazard, particularly to the development of the nervous system. Studies on the mechanism of MeHg-induced toxicity reveal that inhibition of cell cycle progression may be one way by which MeHg interferes with normal development. In this study, we utilized primary rodent embryonic neuronal cell (CNS) and limb bud (LB) cultures to determine the MRNA expression level of two genes involved in cell cycle arrest, Gadd45 and Gaddl53, both during cellular differentiation and in response to MeHg exposure. A differential expression pattern of Gadd45 and Gaddl53 was observed during CNS and LB differentiation in culture. However, both CNS and LB cells responded to MeHg exposure with a concentration-dependent increase in Gadd45 and Gaddl53 MRNA. Previous studies have shown that McHg exposure (2 ILm) of CNS cells for 24 hr causes a fourfold decrease in the number of cells passing through the cell cycle. The present study shows that at the same exposure concentration, a five- to eightfold increase in Gadd45 MRNA levels and a two- to fourfold increase of Gaddl53 was observed. Induction of Gadd45 was also noted in adult female mice chronically exposed to 10 ppm MeHg, a dose that caused developmental toxicity in vivo. Based on the known involvement of the Gadd genes in cell cycle arrest, activation of these genes could be one mechanism by which MeHg interferes with the cell cycle in adult and developing organisms. |
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Induction of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible genes Gadd45 and Gadd153 in primary rodent embryonic cells following exposure to methylmercury Author: Ou, Y.C., Other Author(s): S.A. Thompson, S.C. Kirchner, T.J. Kavanagh, and E.M. Faustman. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 147: 31-38. Abstract: Methylmercury (MeHg) is recognized as a significant environmental hazard, particularly to the development of the nervous system. Studies on the mechanism of the MeHg-induced toxicity reveal that inhibition of cell cycle progression may be one way by which MeHg interferes with normal development. In this study, we utilized primary rodent embryonic neuronal cells (CNS) and limb bud (LB) cultures to determine the mRNA expression level of two genes involved in cell cycle arrest, Gadd45 and Gadd153, both during cellular differentiation and in response to MeHg exposure. A differential expression pattern of Gadd45 and Gadd 153 was observed during CNS and LB differentiation in culture. However, both CNS and LB cells responded to MeHg exposure with a concentration-dependent increase in Gadd45 and Gadd153 mRNA. Previous studies have shown that MeHg exposure (2mM) of CNS cells for 24 hr causes a fourfold decrease in the number of cells passing through the cell cycle. The present study shows that at the same exposure concentration, a five- to eightfold increase in Gadd45 mRNA levels and a two- to fourfold increase of Gadd153 was observed. Induction of Gadd45 was also noted in adult female mice chronically exposed to 10 ppm MeHg, a dose that caused developmental toxicity in vivo. Based on the known involvement of the Gadd genes in cell cycle arrest, activation of these genes could be one mechanism by which MeHg interferes with the cell cycle in adult and developing organisms. |
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Inequalities of power, costs and benefits across geographic scales: The future uses of the Hanford reservation Author: Morrill, R. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Political Geography 18:1-23. Abstract: Although the United States has a federal system of government, and there are many constituencies which extol and defend local autonomy, there appear to be yet stronger forces and more powerful interests which lead to a pronounced tendency for higher levels of government and wider interests to prevail in the conflicts across geographic scales. Reasons for the supremacy of higher levels are discussed theoretically, and then illustrated through an examination of controversies surrounding the future uses of the Hanford nuclear reservation in Washington state. |
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Influence of hydroperiod, isolation and heterospecifics on the distribution of aquatic salamanders (Siren and Amphiuma) among depression wetlands Author: Snodgrass, J.W., Other Author(s): J. W. Ackerman, A. L. Bryan, and J. Burger. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Copeia (1), 107-113. Abstract: We used occurrence data gathered over a four-year period to assess relationships among hydroperiod length (amount of time a wetland holds water during a year), wetland isolation from other aquatic habitats, and the occurrence of sirens (Siren inwmedia and S. lacer6na) and amphiumas (Amphiuma means) among depression wetlands of the upper Atlantic Coastal Plain. The combined occurrence of sirens and amphiumam was positively correlated with hydroperiod length and negatively correlated with distance to the nearest intermittent aquatic habitat. Occurrences of individual species were negatively correlated with either distance to the nearest intermittent aquatic habitat or elevation difference between wetlands and the nearest permanent aquatic habitat. Siren lacertina showed higher than expected llopatric distribution in relation to other species, suggesting biological interactions may further limit the distribution of sirens and amphiumas among depression wetlands. |
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Insights from the risk commission Author: Omenn, G.S. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Risk Policy Report 21: 31-33. Abstract: The Commission on Risk Assessment and Rist Management, whose findings emerged from broad, intensive hearings conducted over the past two and a half years, has introduced a new Framework for Environmental Health Risk Management (Risk Policy Report, Jan. 29, p3) along with a breadth of recommendations for the many federal regulatory environmental health. and safety progams that deal with risk management. We received highly constructive public comments on our draft report of June 1996 and now have proudly issued our final reports reflecting those comments. We will continue to be active for a few mom months in an efrort to stimulate implementation of our recoxnmendazions and to seek convenience with recommendations and proposals in the Administration, the Congress, and several external groups. I am pleased to offer this commentary about the origins, insights, and potential impact of The Coamission's work Congress mandated this Commission as part of the far-reaching Clean Air Act Amendments of November 1990, together with a National Research Council (NRC) study taht became the Science andJudgment in Risk Assessment report of 1994. In mandaring the Commission and NRC report, Congress was motivated by a general interest in more consistent and "more scientific" use of risk-based methods, and by the specific dilemma of how to deal with residual emissions and residual risks from Section 112 hazardous air polutants after the implamentation of the new Clean Air Act scheme for technology-based controls an stationary sources of air pollutants. |
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Integrated exposure and dose modeling and analysis system. I. Formulation and testing of microenvironmental and pharmacokinetic components Author: Georgopoulos, P.G., Other Author(s): A. Walia, A. Roy, and P.J. Lioy. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Environmental Science and Technology 31(1): 17-27. Abstract: The conceptual and theoretical framework for a modular integrated Exposure and Dose Modeling and Analysis System (EDMAS) has been formulated, and its stepwise implementation and testing is currently in progress. This system aims to provide state-of-the-art tools for performing integrated assessments of exposure and dose for individuals and populations. The integration of modeling components with each other as well as with available environmental, exposure, and toxicological databases is being accomplished with the use of computational tools that include interactive simulation environments, Geographical Information Systems, and various data retrieval, management, statistical analysis, and visualization methods. This paper overviews the structure and modular nature of this integrated modeling system and focuses specifically on two of its components: (a) a hierarchy of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models (PBPKM), representing various levels of detail and sophistication, and (b) a family of microenvironmental models, that incorporate complex physical and chemical transformations. The deterministic implementation of these components is also presented here in two test applications: (i) a case study of benzene exposure indoors resulting from the volatilization of contaminated tap water and (ii) a case study of photochemical pollution infiltration indoors, in an office building environment. |
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Investigation of dermal contact with soil in controlled trials Author: Kissel, J.C., Other Author(s): J. Shirai, K.Y. Richter, and R. A. Fenske. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Journal of Soil Contamination 7(6): 737-752. Abstract: |
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Investigation of the influence of oil on soil adherence to the skin Author: Holmes, K., Other Author(s): J. Kissel, and K. Richter. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Journal of Soil Contamination 5(4): 301-308. Abstract: |
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Lack of demonstratable effects of pollutants on Cyt b sequences in Wood Ducks from a contaminated nuclear reactor cooling pond Author: Johnson, K.P., Other Author(s): J. Stout. I. L. Brisbin, Jr., R. M. Zink, and J. Burger. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Environmental Control & Toxicology Section A 81: 146-150. Abstract: The effects of low levels of radiation on DNA mutation rates are largely unknown for free-living vertebrates. In this study we investigated the effects of contamination from cooling ponds at a nuclear production facility in South Carolina on the mutation rates in mitochondrial DNA in wood ducks. Specifically, we sequenced a 433-bp portion of the cytochrome b gene from 18 female-offspring pairs of wood ducks from contaminated ponds and 2 female-offspring pairs from control ponds. Very low haplotype diversity was observed overall, and no case of mutation between fernale and offspring could be satisfactorily documented. This suggests that the levels of radioactive contamination in these cooling ponds have little effect on the mutation rate of mitochondrial DNA in these waterfowl and that mitochondrial DNA may not be as sensitive an indicator as previously anticipated. |
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Land use planning at energy sites: involves communication, coordination, and commitment Author: Lowrie, K. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Public Management 82( 5): 18-23. Abstract: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) occupies a large amount of land, with vast sites located in a few states but smaller parcels found in more than 30 states. These are places where nuclear materials and weapons have been designed, manufactured, and assembled. At many of the larger sites, such as Hanford in southeastern Washington (560 square miles) and the Savan nah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina (310 square miles), production facilities are concentrated toward the center of the tract, leaving sizable buffer zones of uncontaminated and untouched land. Challenges Are Ahead Although DOE is the nation's fourth largest landlord, with more than 2.4 million acres under its management, it never has been a land management agency and therefore has no formal policy for managing and planning the use of its lands, other than for national security missions. In fact, it has traditionally operated in a manner antithetical to that of a land management agency. Site officials have not been trained in land use planning; no uniform land use planning documents have been required; and until recently, no open public involvement processes have been implemented. In contrast, other large land-owning agencies, like the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the National Park Service (NPS), and the Department of Agriculture's U.S. Forest Service (USFS), all have statutory mandates to manage land either for multiple use (BLM and USEFS) or for preservation and enjoyment (NPS). Likewise , these agencies have uniform policies that have been in place for decades to govern the development of management plans and procedures for updating them. |
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Landscapes, tourism and conservation Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Science for Total Environment 249: 39-49. Abstract: |
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Landscapes, tourism, and conservation Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: The Science of the Total Environment 249 39-49 Abstract: |
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Lead and neurobehavioral development in gulls: A model for understanding effects in the laboratory and the field Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Neurotoxicology 18(2): 495-506. Abstract: Lead and Neurobehavioral Development in Gulls: A Model for Understanding Effects in the Laboratory and the Field. Neurotoxicology 18(2):495-506, 1997. Animals, including humans, are increasingly exposed to a variety of environmental chemicals that can cause adverse developmental neurobehavioral effects. Most studies either examine effects in the laboratory, or report levels in wild animals, but the relationship between dose, tissue levels and effects are seldom examined in one system. Establishing this relationship is particularly important for endocrine disruptors because of the current controversies regarding impacts on both humans and wildlife. In this paper we synthesize results from a 10-year research program that uses the herring gull chick as a model to examine the relationship between dose, tissue levels, and response to lead in both the laboratory and the wild; and compare levels that cause deficits to those that occur in wild populations of a number of birds. The laboratory studies show that lead affects several aspects of neurobehavioral development in herring gull chicks. There are critical periods for the effects of lead on eurobehavioral development; and there are dissociations: different behaviors have different critical periods. Response latency may be affected most when exposure occurs at one age, while accuracy of response may be affected more at a different age of exposure. Further, there is not necessarily a correlation between impairment and the recovery trajectory. The field experiments show that there are similar lead-induced neurobehavioral deficits in the wild as occur in the laboratory. However, there were important differences: recovery occurred sooner in the field compared to the laboratory; parents partially compensated for the behavioral deficits and succeeded in getting surviving chicks to a similar fledging weight as control chicks, and although survival was decreased in lead-injected chicks in the wild, it was not as low as predicted because of the protective behavior of their parents. These impairments resulted in decreases in survival, which reduced overall fledging rates for a population with lead exposure. Data on exposure levels, as indicated by lead levels in feathers of birds worldwide, suggest that some birds are at risk of neurobehavioral impairment from exposure to lead. Although the neurobehavioral deficits are subtle, and difficult to prove using only wild populations, the data from the field experiments with herring gulls clearly indicate that the deficits occur. This provides a model for studying the neurobehavioral effects of any chemicals on wild populations. |
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Lessons in environmental health in the 20th century Author: Gochfeld, M., Other Author(s): and B.D. Goldstein. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Annual Review of Public Health 20: 35-53. Abstract: Environmental health has evolved rapidly in recent decades, drawing largely on new analytic technologies, advanced data acquisition and modeling, mechanistic studies in toxicology, and the conceptual framework of risk assessment. The latter combines toxicologic and epidemiologic data with improved techniques for quantifying exposure, producing estimates of risks from environmental hazards or conditions to selected target populations. The public and governments have become increasingly concerned with environmental health and quality. The major lessons have been (a) environmental-health scientists must participate in policy debates; (b) environmental health problems are exceedingly complex and require interdisciplinary research; and (c) environmental health is a global issue. The globalization of commerce, the untested impact of international trade agreements, increased migration, and especially increased population, have profound impact on the quality as well as availaility of air, water, land and food. Global atmospheric transport of pollutants and the effect on atmosphere and climate are two examples of globalization of environmental health. |
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Lichens and mosses on shrub-steppe soils in Souheastern Washington Author: Link, S.O., Other Author(s): B.D. Ryan, J.L. Downs, L.L. Cadwell, J.A. Soll, M.A. Hawke and J. Ponzetti. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Northwest Science 74(1): 50-56. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the lichens and mosses found on soils of the shrub-steppe at the Hanford Site in southeastern Washington. Thirteen sites primarily at low elevation were intensively sampled. Twenty nine lichens and six moss species were identified. Three lichens were considered undescribed species. Based on comparison with other studies and herbarium records, we conclude the soil lichen flora of the Hanford Site is substantially different than that of the Great Basin or of the shrub-steppe in Idaho. |
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Lung tissue responses and sites of particle retention differ between rats and cynomolgus monkeys exposed chronically to diesel exhaust and coal dust Author: Nikula, K.J., Other Author(s): K.J. Avila, W.C. Griffith, and J.L. Mauderly. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 37: 37-53. Abstract: Several chronic inhalation bioassays of poorly soluble, nonfibrous particles have resulted in an increased incidence of lung tumors in rats, no increase in lung tumors in Syrian hamsters, and inconsistent results in rnice. These results have raised concerns that rats may be more prone than other species to develop persistent pulmonary epithelial hyperplasia, metaplasia, and tumors in response to the accumulation of inhaled particles. In addition, particle deposition and the rate of particle clearance from the lung differ between rats and primates, as does the anatomy of the centriacinar region. For these reasons, the usefulness of pulmonary carcinogenicity data from rats exposed to high concentrations of particles for quantitatively predicting lung cancer risk in humans exposed to much lower environmental or occupational concentrations has been questioned. The purpose of this investigation was to directly compare the anatomical patterns of particle retention and the lung tissue responses of rats and monkeys exposed chronically to high occupational concentrations of poorly soluble particles. Lung sections from male cynomolgus monkeys and F344 rats exposed 7 hr/day, 5 days/week for 24 months to filtered ambient air, diesel exhaust (2 mg soot/m^3), coal dust (2 mg respirable particulate material/m^3), or diesel exhaust and coal dust combined (1 mg soot and 1 mg respirable coal dust/m^3) were examined histo-pathologically. The relative volume density of particulate material and the volume percentage of the total particulate material in defined pulmonary compartments were determined morphometrically to assess the relative amount and the anatomic distribution of retained particulate material. In all groups, relatively more particulate material was retained in monkey than in rat lungs. After adjustment for differences between rat and monkey controls, the coal dust and the combined diesel exhaust and coal dust exposed monkeys retained more particulate material than the coal dust and the combined diesel exhaust and coal dust-exposed rats, respectively. There was no significant difference in the relative amount of retained particulate material between diesel exhaust exposed monkeys and rats. Within each species, the sites of particle retention and lung tissue responses were the same for diesel soot, coal dust, and the combined material. Rats retained a greater portion of the particulate material in lumens of alveolar ducts and alveoli than monkeys. Conversely, monkeys retained a greater portion of the particulate material in the interstitium than rats. Rats, but not monkey, had significant alveolar epithelial hyperplastic, inflammatory, and septal fibrotic responses to the retained particles. These results suggest that intrapulmonary particle retention patterns and tissue reactions in rats may not be predictive of retention patterns and tissue responses in primates exposed to poorly soluble particles at concentrations representing high occupational exposures. |
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Mathematical feasibility and data needs for reconstructing exposures to volatile organic compounds using physiologically based phamacokinetic models: Application to week-long benzene exposure Author: Roy, A., Other Author(s): and P.G. Georgopoulos. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 8(3): 407-422. Abstract: Reconstruction of human exposure to toxic chemicals using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models and biomarkers is an attractive prospect, because biomarker measurements generally provide the most direct evidence of dose. Previously it has been shown that it is possible to reconstruct short-term (30 minute) exposure to chloroform, and that it is possible in some cases to resolve the total dose between two routes of uptake (Georgopoulos et al., 1994). In this paper it is shown that it is mathematically feasible to reconstruct longer term exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), using benzene as a paradigm for other VOCS, and exhaled breath concentration as a biomarker of exposure. First, it is shown that exhaled breath concentration is an appropriate biomarker for long-term exposure to benzene, since benzene accumulates in fat and is eliminated in exhaled breath. Application of a benzene PBPK model (Travis et al., 1990) showed that benzene continues to accumulate in the fat compartment for over 10 days, and consequently fat acts as an integrator of dose during this period. Second, the benzene PBPK model is used to reconstruct exposure using the maximum likelihood approach. Since no data were available for long-term exposures of this duration, "data" with a normally distributed random error and 30% coefficient of variation were generated by the PBPK model for a variety of daily exposures. It was shown that in most cases it is possible to estimate cumulative exposure within 40% of the actual values, even when the exposure concentration-time profile is unknown. The estimated exposure is found to always be an underestimate of the true exposure when the exposure concentration is assumed to be constant. |
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Medical clearance for respirator use: Sensitivity and specificity of a questionnaire Author: Pappas, G.P., Other Author(s): T.K. Takaro, B. Stover, N. Beaudet, M. Salazar, J. Calcagni, D. Shoop, and S. Barnhart. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: American Journal of Industrial Medicine 35: 395-400. Abstract: OSHA regulations require that workers receive medical clearance prior to respirator use, and recently, a detailed questionnaire has been provided to assist with this purpose. However, there are limited published data on the sensitivity and specificity of self-administered questionnaires for identifying individuals who may safely wear a respirator. We tested 474 consecutive workers at a Department of Energy complex. After completing the self-administered questionnaire, all workers received a standardized physician evaluation including interview, physical examination, and spirometry. The outcomes of the questionnaire assessment were compared to the outcomes of physician evaluation. Data for analysis were available from 413 of workers (87,Yo). All workers received medical clearance; only 10 workers (2.4 %) received work restrictions. The questionnaire demonstrated 100% sensitivity in identifying workers who required work restrictions, but had specificity of only 19%. Compared to physician evaluation, the questionnaire had modest sensitivity to the detection of chronic medical conditions. These data suggest that the rates of medical clearance for respirator use are very high, and that a self-administered questionnaire may be appropriate for medical clearance in certain settings. It is recommended that the policy of routine physician evaluation and spirometry for respirator clearance be re-examined. |
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Metal levels in mourning doves from South Carolina: Potential hazards to doves and hunters Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): R.A. Kennamer, I.L. Brisbin, Jr., and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Environmental Research 75: 173-186. Abstract: Contaminant levels in many species of birds are not examined because it is assumed that since they feed mainly on seeds their contaminant levels are relatively low. Most game birds are found in lower trophic levels, but since such birds are harvested and consumed by humans, the need arises to assess their contaminant levels. In this paper, we report concentrations of mercury, lead, cadmium, selenium, manganese, and chromium in the breast feathers, liver, and muscle of mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) collected at a partially drawn-down, contaminated reactor-cooling reservoir (Par Pond) on the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina, and at nearby agricultural fields managed as dove hunting areas. We test the hypothesis that the levels in doves are not harmful to either dove populations or humans. We also tested the simultaneous effects of collection location, year (1992, 1993),and dove age-class (hatch-year vs. after hatch-year) on heavy metal and selenium levels. For all three tissues, mercury levels were non- detectable. Lead was highest in tissues from agricultural fields with prior histories of dove hunting activities. Doves at those fields were likely ingesting lead shot to a greater degree than at the recently drawn down reservoir which was closed to public access and hunting. For other metals, Par Pond Doves had equally high or higher tissue levels. For all metals, levels in doves from South Carolina were generally within the lower range of those reported in the literature, suggesting that these metals were likely to pose no health problems to these doves. Except for lead and selenium, metal levels in dove muscle that we observed were wet below reference metal doses established for humans intake. Lead and selenium, at the levels described here, would be a problem only if a child (not an adult) ate 120 g of dove meat every day of the year. Thus, we conclude that the meat from these doves, if consumed by hunters, would not pose a risk to humans. |
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Metals and metallothionein in the liver of raccoons: utility for environmental assessment and monitoring. Author: Buger. J., Other Author(s): CG. Lord, E.J. Yurkow, L. McGrath, K. F. Gaines, I. L. Brisbin, and M. Gochfeld Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Journal of Toxicology and Enviromental health, part A, 60:243-261 Abstract: The relationship between rnetallothionein levels and concentrations of several metals and radionuclides was examined in liver tissues of raccoons (Procyon lotor, n = 47) from the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site in South Carolina to determine the applicability of rnetallothioneins as an initial screening device for exposure assessment in free-living mammals and environmental monitoring. Using a fluorescent marker and a cell sorter to measure mnetallothionein, a significant positive correlation was found across animals between levels of metallothioneins and concentrations of selenium (Pearson's r = .30), mercury (Pearson's r = .3 1), and copper (Pearson's r = .30) in liver tissue. Arsenic, cobalt, silver, thalliurn, and tin were below detection limits in most or all liver samples. Other metals, including cadmium, chromium, radiocesium (137CS), copper, lead, manganese, strontium, and vanadium, showed only weak and nonsignificant correlations with metallothionein. Concentrations of mercury were correlated with concentrations of seleni um (Pearson's r = .73), manganese (Pearson's r = .56), and strontium (Pearson's r = .57). In an a posteriori test, there was a still unexplained positive correlation between mercury (Pearson r = .56), selenium (Pearson r = .54), and radiocesium (Pearson's r = .38) concentrations and background cellular autofluorescence, and a negative correlation of strontium with the latter (Kendall tau = -.38). Background cellular autofluorescence may represent a generalized cellular stress response, or a yet unidentified biomarker. To better understand which metals contribute to the induction of metallothionein, principle component analysis (PCA) was performed. The first three principle components explained 78% of the variance, with highest loadings being from mercury and radiocesium. Metal- lothionein levels did not correlate well with the principal components from the metals and radiocesiurn, while autofluorescent background levels tended to correlate better. |
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Metals in Albatross feathers from Midway Atoll: Influence of species, age, and nest location Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Environmental Research Section A 82: 207-221. Abstract: Female birds sequester some heavy metals in their eggs, which are then transferred to the developing embryo. Semiprecocial birds such as albatrosses are fully covered with down at hatching, but are dependent on their parents for food for many weeks. At hatching, levels of metals in the chick's down represent exposure from the female via egg, while levels in fully formed feathers at fledgling, several months later, represent mainly exposure from food provided by their parents. In this paper we examine the concentrations of "metals" (heavy metals, mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, manganese, tin; and metalloids, arsenic and selenium), in the down and contour (body) feathers of half-grown young albatrosses, and contour feathers of one of their parents. We collected feathers from Laysan Diomedea immutabilis and black-footed Diomedea nigripes albatrosses from Midway Atoll in the central Pacific Ocean. We test the null hypotheses that there is no difference in metal levels as a function of species, age, feather type, and location on the island. Using linear regression we found significant models accounting for the variation in the concentrations of mercury, lead, cadmium, selenium, chromium, and manganese (but not arsenic or tin) as a function of feather type (all metals), collection location (all metals but lead), species (selenium only), and interactions between these factors. Most metals (except mercury, arsenic, and tin) were significantly higher in down than in the contour feathers of either chicks or adults. Comparing the two species, black-footed albatross chicks had higher levels of most elements (except arsenic) in their feathers and/or down. Black-footed adults had significantly higher levels of mercury and selenium. We also collected down and feathers from Laysan albatross chicks whose nests were close to buildings, including buildings with flaking lead paint and those that had been lead-abated. Lead levels in the down and feathers of chicks close to nonabated buildings were 10 times higher than for chicks from other locations. Conversely, levels of cadmium and tin were lower near the buildings. Near lead-abated buildings, lead levels decreased as a function of distance, indicating residual contamination on the soil. Our results indicate that black-footed albatross adults and chicks generally have higher levels of heavy metals in their feathers than Laysans. Chicks of both species have higher levels in their down than in their contour feathers, indicating potentially higher exposure during the early chick phase. |
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Metals in feathers of Bonin Petrel, Christmas Shearwater, Wedge-tailed Shearwater, and Red-tailed Tropicbird in the Hawaian Islands, North Pacific Author: Gochfeld, M., Other Author(s): D. J. Gochfeld, D. Minton, B. G. Murray Jr., P. Pyle, N. Seto, D. Smith, and J. Burger. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Environmental Monitor. Assess. 59: 343-358. Abstract: Levels of environmental pollutants are usually higher in mainland and coastal areas than in offshore or oceanic islands due to higher inputs from agricultural and industrial sources. Levels of heavy metals are usually higher in adult than in young birds, because they have had longer to accumulate metals in their tissues, and/or because they may eat larger, more contaminated, prey. We examined the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium in the adults and young of Bonin petrel (Pterodrom hypoleuc ), Christmas shearwater (Fluffinu nativitati ) and red-tailed tropiebird (Phaetho rubricauda) on Midway Atoll, and adult wedge-tailed shearwater (Puffinu pacificu ) on Midway Atoll and on Manana Island (off Oahu) in the northern Pacific. All birds were analyzed individually except for Christmas Shearwater chicks where samples were pooled to obtain sufficient quantities for analysis. Significant (p < 0.05) age-related differences were found for mercury, selenium, manganese and chromium in Bonin petrels, for selenium and mercury in Christmas shearwaters, and for chromium and mercury in Red-tailed Tropicbirds. Lead approached significance for all three species. Adults had higher levels than young except for chromium and manganese in the petrels and arsenic in all three species. There were significant interspecific differences in concentrations of all metals except arsenic for the adults nesting on Midway. Christmas shearwaters had the highest levels of all metals except mercury and chromium. Bonin petrels, the smallest species examined, had mercury levels that were over three times higher than any of the adults of the other three species. For wedge-tailed shearwaters, levels of chromium and lead were significantly higher, and manganese and selenium were lower on Midway than Manana. Knowledge of the foraging ranges and habits of these far-ranging seabirds is inadequately known, but does not currently explain the observed differences among species. We could not find a consistent pattern of differences between the burrow nesting species (Bonin petrel, Wedge-tailed shearwater) and the surface nesting tropicbirds. There was no consistent pairwise correlation between any metals across all species. |
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Metals in Herring and Great Black-backed Gulls from the New York Bight: The role of salt gland in excretion Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): C.D. Trivedi, and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Environmental Monit Asess. 64: 569-581. Abstract: |
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Methods for and approaches to evaluating susceptibility of ecological systems to hazardous chemicals Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Environmental Health Perspectives 105(Supplement 4): 843-848. Abstract: Differences in genetic susceptibility to hazardous chemicals affect individuals of both human and nonhuman populations. In both cases, differences in response to chemicals or general ill health result as a function of these differences in genetic susceptibility. However, ecological systems are a compilation of hundreds or even thousands of different species, resulting in structural and functional characteristics that are themselves affected by differences in susceptibility. Although individual and population differences in susceptibility to hazardous chemicals underlie effects at the community and the ecosystem level, they do not account for all differences. I propose a two-tiered approach to evaluating susceptibility to ecological systems: a general susceptibility as a function of ecosystem type (based on structure and function of that system) and a differential in susceptibility within broad ecosystem types as a function of biotic and abiotic factors. In terrestrial ecosystems, the two factors that most affect overall susceptibility are species diversity and hydrology; evaluation of the effects of hazardous chemicals involves measuring species diversity and water movement. This same methodological approach can be applied to aquatic ecosystems and to highly altered ecosystems such as agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and urbanization. |
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National toxicology program studies: Principles of dose selection and applications to mechanistic based risk assessment Author: Bucher, J.R., Other Author(s): C.J. Portier, J.I. Goodman, E.M. Faustman, and G.W. Lucier. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 31: 1-8. Abstract: A workshop entitled "NTP Studies: Principles of Dose Selection and Applications to Mechanistic Based Risk Assessment" was held at the 34th Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology in Baltimore, Maryland. The purpose of the workshop was to provide an overview of factors currently considered important in the selection of doses for NTP studies, to describe some of the confounding factors that can result from the indiscriminate use of bioassay data in quantitative risk assessment, and.to suggest ways in which information from mechanistic studies or studies of biomarkers of exposure or effect might be used to better advantage in risk assessment. |
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Neighborhood quality, environmental hazards, personality traits, and resident actions Author: Greenberg, M., Other Author(s): and D. Schneider. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Risk Analysis 17: 169-175. Abstract: A survey of 798 New Jersey residents examined relationships among residents' neighborhood activities, perceptions of neighborhood quality, trust of experts, support for rebuilding cities and equal rights, and degree of optimism. Neighborhood activities increased with lack of trust and optimism. These personality characteristic measures were folded into multidimensional constructs that included local environmental hazards, respondents' ratings of their previous neighborhoods, and some demographic variables. Pessimism and values that support equal rights and rebuilding cities were weakly associated with poor quality neighborhood ratings. |
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New approaches to carcinogen assessment in the context of risk assessment Author: Omenn, G.S. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Toxicologic Pathology 25(6): 687-688. Abstract: |
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On the application of open-path fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy to measure aerosols: Observations of water droplets Author: Hashmonay, R.A., Other Author(s): and M.G. Yost. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Environmental Science and Technology 33(7): 1141-1144. Abstract: This paper proposes the application of Open-Path Fourier Transform lnfra-Red (OP-FTIR) spectroscopy to measure aerosols. A preliminary experiment conducted in a standard shower chamber generated a condensed water aerosol cloud. The OP-FTIR beam acquired spectra through the cloud of water droplets. We matched calculated extinction spectra to measured extinction in ti)e spectral range between 500 and 5000 wavenumbers by using Mie theory for spherical particles. The results indicate that size distribute on parameters may be retrieved from OP-FRIR spectra acquired over a 1 km optical path with reasonable detection limits on the order of 10 µg·m-3 for aerosols with optical properties equivalent to water. |
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Paradigms for ecological risk assessment: Preventive strategies for living in a chemical world Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 837:372-386. Abstract: Ecological risk assessment developed from ecotoxicology, ecology and risk assessment, using human health risk assessment as the model paradigm. Because ecological systems are much more complex than the single-species approach used by human health risk assessment, several modifications were necessary, and this process continues as ecological risk assessment evolves for particular uses. The development of ecological risk assessment is particularly timely, given competing needs for clean-up of a variety of superfund and department of energy sites decommissioned after the end of the cold war. Sufficient resources are not available to clean-up all sites equally and at the same time. Ecological risk assessment can be used not only to evaluate the risks at sites, but to help determine degree of clean-up required to restore degraded environments to functioning ecosystems that provide ecological services, and to rank sites for possible clean-up. |
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Paternal occupational lead exposure and pregnancy outcome Author: Alexander, B.H., Other Author(s): H. Checkoway, C. van Netten, J.D. Kaufman, T.L. Vaughn, B.A. Mueller, and E.M. Faustman. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: International Journal of Occupational Environmental Health 2: 280-285. Abstract: Self-reported reproductive histories of male employees of a lead-zinc smelter were related to pre-conception measures of lead exposure to examine associations between paternal occupational lead exposure and adverse pregnancy outcome. The participants reported 2,021 pregnancies which resulted in 1,684 normal live births, 12 stillbirths, 30 birth defects, 203 spontaneous abortions, and 92 "other' outcomes. Birth defects and stillbirths were combined for the analysis. The risk of a stillbirth or birth defect was elevated for pre-conception employment in a high-lead-exposure compared with a low-lead- exposure job (odds ratio = 2.7, 95% confidence interval = 0.7, 9.6). A similar risk was found for pre-conception blood lead levels of 25-39 tLg/dL and - 40 @Lg/dL w hen compared with blood lead levels of < 25 @Lg/dL (OR = 2.9,95% CT = 0.6, 13.3, and OR = 2.5, 95% GI = 0.5, 11.6, respectively). No association was found between pre-conception lead exposure and spontaneous abortion. A relatively low response rate to the questionnaire and potentially erroneous reporting of reproductive outcomes by male workers are limitations of the study. |
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Perceptions of on-site hunters: Environmental concerns, future land use, and cleanup options at the Savannah River site Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): and J. Sanchez. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 56:267-281. Abstract: The Department of Energy owns land in 34 states, and most of these lands have been off limits to the public for over 50 years. Although some parts of each site are contaminated, most of many sites are not. With the ending of the Cold War, the department is considering alternative land uses. In this article, the perceptions of hunters and fishermen allowed on site for a limited time were examined, about environmental concerns, future land use, and cleanup options. Although loss of jobs was the foremost concern, preserving parts of the site had more support as a future land use than continuing the nuclear mission, and nearly three-quarters of the sample supported cleanup, regardless of cost. On-site employment was a significant indicator of lower concern about safety and environmental issues, less support for designating the site for research, and more concern for maintaining jobs. |
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Placing future land use planning in a regional context: The Savannah River Site Author: Lowrie, K., Other Author(s): and M. Greenberg. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Federal Facilities Environmental Journal, Spring: 51-65. Abstract: Since the end of the Cold War,facilities that were part of our nation's nuclear weapons complex are shifting from production of bombs to cleanup of wastes and reuse of lands and facilities no longer neededfor bomb-making activities. This shift will necessitate a new style ofplanning that must include the understanding that on-site land uses can have a great impact on off-site land uses and planning in the larger regions where these facilities are located. This article explains the need to place land use planning at Department of Energy (DOE) sites intoa larger regional planning context by drawing on the example of recent research conducted by the authors at the Savannah River Site. A study of written plans that have been developed and interviews with planners and local officials showed that fiiture uses will have a great impact on co?nmunities and that constructive planning initiatives are needed to build the trust necessary for DOE to enter a public dialogue about the risks and benefits of alternative land use scenarios. |
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Predicting the effect of moisture on vapor-phase absorption of volatile organic compounds to soils Author: Unger, D.R., Other Author(s): T.T. Lam, C.E. Schaefer, and D.S. Kosson. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Environmental Science and Technology 30(4): 1081-1091. Abstract: Sorption from the vapor phase is an important factor controlling the transport of volatile organic compounds (VOCS) in the unsaturated zone. Accurate description of sorption from the vapor phase to soil in the unsaturated zone therefore is intrinsic to predicting the ultimate fate of contaminants. Vapor-phase sorption of several VOCs onto seven soils at oven-dried, air-dried, typical field moisture and water-saturated conditions was measured using a batch-equilibrium headspace method. An equilibrium partitioning model was developed to predict the effect of soil moisture content on vapor-phase sorption.The model was based on the soil pore-size distribution and BET isotherm sorption parameters under oven-dried and water-saturated conditions. The model was shown to accurately predict observed experimental results. |
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Prediction and experimental validation of liquid-phase diffusion resistance in unsaturated oils Author: Schaefer, C.E., Other Author(s): R.R. Arands, H.A. van der Sloot, and D.S. Kosson. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1995 Citation: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 20: 145-166. Abstract: Determination of liquid-phase diffusion through unsaturated soils is important for estimating contaminant transport in soils and design of remediation processes for contaminated soils and groundwater. Liquid-phase diffusion through unsaturated soils is governed by both the pore size distribution and water distribution of the soil matrix. Diffusion tube experiments were carried out using several soils packed to field densities to determine the effective diffusivity of chlorideion as a function of soil moisture content. Chloride was selected to serve as a non-volatile, non-sorbing tracer species. A transport model was developed to predict liquid-phase tortuosity as a function of readily obtained soil parameters, including density, moisture content, particle size distribution and pore size distribution. The basis of the model was parallel diffusion resistances in the inter- and intra-particle pore regimes. The new model was found to provide an accurate prediction of observed experimental results. Previously reported models did not agree with experimental results over significant portions of the experimental domain investigated. |
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Proposition 65: Finding common ground in environmental health regulation Author: Omenn, G.S. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Health & Environment Digest 9(11): 95-97. Abstract: There is such a general dissatisfaction with both the inefficiency and the burdens of the federal environmental regulatory scheme that everyone seems to be proposing reinvention and changes from the "command and control" style of the major regulators statuses. Ennvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator Carol Browner has issued a "common sense" array of improvements; the Republican Congressional leadership highlighted regulatory reform in its Contract with America: the Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessrnenf and Risk Management is preparing recommendations to improve the risk-management end of the process. While the Contract requires much more risk assessment and a reliance on cosy-benefit analysis, skeptics point out that the EPA has had enough "paralysis by analysis" in trying to evalutate scientific data and technical feasibility to establish healch-based standards. Only seven air pollutant National Ambient Air Quality standards have been issued since 1970 under the Clean Air Act (in total, criteria have been established for only seven chemicals); Congress drastically altered the whole approach for HAPs in the 1990 amendments. The Occupational Health and Safety Amdministration (OSHA) similarly has issued relatively few workplace health standards, relying on consensus values from non-governmental organizations for threshold limit values and permissible exposure limits. The Toxic Substances Control Act gives EPA few teeth, even though it generates a ton of paperwork for all parties. As Congress moves to require much more analysis before agency action and even proposes to reopen existing regulations for reassessment of risk and cost-benefit relationships, agency budgets are being strafed. |
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Public health and Brownfields: Reviving the past to protect the future Author: Greenberg, M., Other Author(s): Lee, C., and C. Powers. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: American Journal of Public Health 88(12):1759-1760. Abstract: Public health, city planning, and civil engineering in the United States evolved together as a consequence of the late-19-century effort to reduce the harmful impacts of rapid industrialization and urbanization. Reformers recognized that poor housing, inadequate sanitaion and ventilation, and dangerous working conditions helped cause devastating outbreaks of cholera and typhoid as well as working morbidity and unrest. In Buffalo, NY, New York, Ny, Pittsburrgh, Pa, and other US cities, elected officials and experts joined together to learn more about the inter-realtionships among economic development, land use, education, environmental protection, and public health. The reformers' legacy includes parts (e.g., New York's Central Park), zoning (a legal device, developed to separate danerous industries from residences), and a clear sense of the link between economic development and public health. |
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Pulmonary carcinogenicity of relatively low doses of beta-particle radiation from inhaled 144Ce02 in rats Author: Lundgren, D.L., Other Author(s): F.F. Hahn, W.C. Griffith, A.F. Hubbs, K.J. Nikula, G.J. Newton, R.G. Cuddihy, and B.B Boecker. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Radiation Research 146: 525-535. Abstract: This study was conducted to examine the carcinogenic effects of inhaled 0-particle-emitting radionuclides, particularly in lower dose regions in which there were substantial uncertainties associated with available information. A total of 2751 F344/N rats (1358 males and 1393 females) approximately 12 weeks of age at exposure were used. Of these, 1059 rats were exposed to aerosols of 144CeO2 to achieve mean desired initial lung burdens (ILBS) of 18 kBq (low level), 247 rats to achieve mean ILBs of 60 kBq (medium level) and 381 rats to achieve mean ILBs of 180 kBq (high level). Control rats (total of 1064) were exposed to aerosols of stable CeO2.. Based on the 95% confidence intervals of the median survival times and the cumulative survival curves, there were no significant differences in the survival of groups of female and male exposed rats relative to controls. The mean lifetime P-particle doses to the lungs of the rats in the four groups were: low level, 3.6 ± 1.3 (:t SD) Gy; medium level, 12 ± 4.5 Gy; and high level, 37 ± 5.9 Gy. The crude incidence of lung neoplasms increased linearly with increasing doses to the lungs (controls, 0.57%; low level, 2.0%; medium level, 6.1%; and high level, 19%). The estimated linear risk coefficients for lung neoplasms per unit of dose to the lung were not significantly different for the three dose levels studied. The risk coefficient at the lower level was 39 ± 14 (* SE) excess lung neoplasms per 10^4 rat Gy; at the medium level the risk was 47 ± 12; and at the higher level the risk was 50 ± 9.0. The relationship of P-particle dose to the lung and the crude incidence of lung neoplasms was described adequately by a linear function. We concluded that the risk of lung neoplasms in rats per unit of radiation dose did not increase with decreasing mean ß-particle dose to the lung over the range of 3.6 to 37 Gy. The weighted average of these three values was 47 ± 6.4 (± SE) excess lung eoplasms per 104 rat Gy. To extend the risk coefficients for lung neoplasms to lower doses by experimentation will require much larger numbers of rats than used in this study. |
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Putting environmental risks in a public health context Author: Omenn, G.S. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Public Health Reports 111 (November/December): 514:515. Abstract: |
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Questioning conventional wisdom: The regional economic impacts of major U.S. nuclear weapons sites, 1970-1994 Author: Greenberg, M., Other Author(s): A. Isserman, M. Frisch, D. Krueck, K. Lowrie, H. Mayer, D. Simon, and D. Sorenson. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 33: 183-204. Abstract: The US government built a massive nuclear weapons complex during the 1940's and 1950's. The conventional wisdom is that these facilities are sources of jobs and income for the surrounding regions. Recent research challenges the conventional wisdom, finding that areas with the weapons facilities have higher unemployment rates, attract less than their share of private sector investment, and suffer from the stigma of environmental contamination. We find evidence that supports both contentions and shows that geography and the built environment, including public infrastructure, are often key determinants of the economic impact on surrounding areas. Using a control group method, we studied 22 counties located within 10 miles of the five most prominent nuclear weapons sites. Focusing on the most recent quarter century, we identified large increases in employment, population, and income beginning in the mid-1970 s in the counties hosting the largest facilities. Most of the counties adjacent to the host counties also manifested economic impacts larger than their control counties, but some did not. The lagging counties tended to be physically isolated and lacking in public services and other attributes that tend to attract residential and commercial development. |
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2000. Radiocesium in racoons: Population differences and potential human risks Author: Gaines, K.F., Other Author(s): C.G. Lord, I.L. Brisbin Jr., C.S. Boring, M. Gochfeld and J. Burger. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: J. Wildlife Management 64:199-208. Abstract: |
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Radiocesium in mourning doves: Effects of a contaminated reservoir drawdown and risk to human consumers Author: Kennamer, R.A., Other Author(s): I.L. Brisbin Jr., C.D. McCreedy, and J. Burger. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Journal of Wildlife Management 62: 497-508. Abstract: From September 1991 through January 1995, partial drawdown of a 1,130-ha U.S. Department of Energy reactor cooling reservoir (Par Pond) in South Carolina exposed sediments contaminated by low-level radiocesium (137CS). These exposed sediments were designated as a U.S. Environmental Protection gency (EPA) superfund site. Whole-body and muscle concentrations of 137CS in mourning doves Zenaida umcroura) collected from Par Pond in 1992 and 1993 were 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than in doves from nearby public dove-hunting fields located 12 and 32 km away. Only 1 of 102 Par Pond oves exceeded the European Economic Community limit of 0.60 Becquerels (Bq) 137CS/g for fresh meat. A human risk analysis based on consumption of doves at the observed maximum of muscle 137CS oncentration (0.82 Bq/g wet mass) indicated no more than 41 doves could be consumed by an individual per year at that level before the EPA threshold for action on a superfund site would he exceeded (i.e., urther site characterization, possible remedial action). Levels of whole-body 137CS in doves from Par ond declined by >75% from 1992 through 1994. Pokeweed (Phytolacca awricana) seeds, the dominant ood of doves foraging on the exposed lake bed, likewise declined (>90%) in 117CS content over the eriod. We noted subtle annual changes in the diets of doves that likely contributed to reduced rates of 37CS ingestion as the drawdown progressed. Doves differed by age class in their food intake and election, and immature doves showed higher levels of ingesta 137cs. However, age classes did not differ in whole-body 137CS (p = 0.156) or muscle 137CS (p = 0.181). Dove whole-body 137CS was a ood predictor (r2 = 0.94) of muscle 137CS, and thus provides the opportunity to estimate levels of 137CS in edible muscle without destructive sampling by simply subjecting live-captured birds to whole-body etermination of 137CS content. The radiological consequences of a long-term drawdown or complete raining of such a reservoir are not clear. |
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Ranking and rating systems in environmental management: An assessment via the advocacy coalition framework Author: Leschine, T.M., Other Author(s): K.A. Lind, and M. Martz. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: School of Marine Affairs Working Paper 97-8, June. Abstract: |
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Recognition of nest predator species and individuals by Common Terns Author: Palestis, B., Other Author(s): and J. Burger. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: American Zoologist 37: 31A. Abstract: |
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Reconstrucring week-long ecposures to volatile organic compounds using physiologically based pharmacokinetic models Author: Roy, A., Other Author(s): and P.G. Georgopoulos. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: J. of Exp. Anal. and Environ. Epi. 8: 407-422. Abstract: |
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Recreation and risk around los alamos: are hispanics more at risk. Author: Burger. J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental health, part A, 61:101-116, 2000 Abstract: The Department of Energy (DOE) and other federal facilities are involved in massive remediation and restoration efforts on lands that may eventually be turned over for recreation or other uses by the public. In addition, other sites are expected to continue their ongoing missions, but recreation may be sanctioned, or not discouraged, on their remediated lands. Understanding the amount and types of recreation of regional residents who might use such lands, as well as their willingness to use these lands, is critical to determining both cleanup and restoration standards, and potential future risk. in this article the recreational rates, current recreational use, and willingness to recreate on Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico are examined for 356 people interviewed at a well-attended gun show in Albuquerque, NM. There were few significant ethnic differences in recreational rates, although Hispanics had higher fishing rates and lower bird watching rates than whites. Women hunted less, and photographed more, than men. Younger people fished and hunted more, and bird-watched less, than older people. There were no differences in recreational rates as a function of income or education. These data can be used for understanding potential exposure of people in the vicinity of Los Alamos. |
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Recreation and risk: Potential exposure Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 52: 269-284. Abstract: The Department of Energy and other federal facilities are reclaiming land through the process of remediation and restoration, and this land will eventually be turned over for future land uses that may involve recreation. Understanding the amount of recreation that is likely (and thus individual xposure) is an essential element in decisions about cleanup standards. In this article the number of days people engage in different recreational activities as a measure of potential exposure is examined. People attending a Mayfest celebration (n = 399) and the Palmetto Sportsmen's Classic (n = 285) in Columbia, SC, were interviewed regarding their recreational activities. In most cases reported in the literature, recreational activities are examined as the mean number of days people engage in each activity per year, but to determine risk it is essential to know the distribution of these activities. In descending order of frequency, people attending the mayfest reported their activities as birdwatching, photographing, fishing, hiking, camping, and hunting. There were significant gender differences in the frequency of activities, with men spending more days in every activity except birdwatching and photography. There were ethnic differences in recreation, with whites engaging in higher levels of most recreational activities than blacks, but the percentage of black men who reported fishing more than 100 d per year, was greater than for white men. Most people reported their participation in most activities less than 30 d per year; however, a higher percentage of people reported participating in photography, birdwatching, and fishing more than 30 d per year compared to the other activities. Further, individuals at the Sportsman's Classic reported far higher rates of hunting and fishing per year than the general public. These data can be used to examine potential exposure of recreationists on remediated and restorecl land. The data clearly indicate that over 25% of the people engage in at least one recreational activity over 20 d per year, and thus exceed the Department of Energy's 14-d recreation assumption in its future land use document. |
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Recreation, consumption of wild game, risk, and the Department of Energy sites: Perceptions of people attending the Lewiston (Idaho) "Roundup" Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A, 56: 221-234. Abstract: Several federal agencies are reclaiming land through remediation and restoration, and are considering potential future land uses that are compatible with current land uses and local needs. Understanding potential recreational and wild game consumption patterns and risk perceptions are critical for determining cleanup levels and assessing potential risk associated with certain uses. In this article, recreational rates of people attending the Lewiston "Roundup" rodeo in northwestern Idaho were examined, as well as their perceptions of the safety of consuming fish and game from two Department of Energy (DOE) facilities: the Hanford Site and the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). These are two of DOE's largest sites. Lewiston is closer to Hanford, but is in the same state as INEEL. Men engaged in significantly higher hunting and fishing rates than women, but there were no gender differences in camping and hiking rates. Rates of hunting and camping decreased significantly with age, while rates of hiking were lowest for 31 to 45-yr-olds. Level of education generally was not related to rates of recreation. Over 70% of the subjects ate deer, elk, and self-caught fish; 30-50% ate grouse, moose, and waterfowl, and fewer people ate other game species. Overall, subjects were less concerned about eating the fish and game from INEEL than from Hanford, and more people thought Hanford should be cleaned up completely compared to INEEL. Mean rates of fishing, hiking, and camping all exceeded the DOE's maximum recreational exposure assumption of 14 d/yr used in their future use documents. Although at present people are generally not allowed access to DOE lands for recreation, recreation is one future land use being considered for these federal facilities. Given that some people would engage in multiple activities, the potential exists for people living in the general region of Hanford and INEEL to exceed the 14-d exposure assumption. The relative gender differences in recreational rates mean that men are potentially more at risk, particularly since hunting (on both sites) and fishing (on Hanford) are attractive. |
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Regional economic benefits of environmental management at the US Department of Energy’s major nuclear weapons sites Author: Frisch, M., Other Author(s): L. Solitare, M. Greenberg and K. Lowrie. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Journal of Environmental Management 54(1): 23-37. Abstract: The five majorr US Department of Energy nuclear weapons sites located in the states of Colorado, Idaho, South Carolina, Tennessee and Washington have changed functions. Environmental management of 50 years of on-site contamination is now the primary function of the sites. The cost of this cleanup is estimated at over $200 billion. A regional economic simulation model was built to estimate the economic impact of changing environmental management expenditures on the surrounding regional economies. These simulations show wide variability among the host regions in dependence on the DOE site and differences in the likelihood of pmducing jobs and adding to personal income from environmental management investrmnts at the sites. Urban regions, such as Oak Ridge, are more able to convert environmental management dollars into local jobs and income than rural regions, such as the Idaho National Environmental Engineering Laboratory. |
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Relationships among Isolated Wetland size, Hydroperiod and Ampahibian Species Richness: Implications for Wetland Regulations. Author: Snodgrass, J.W., Other Author(s): M.J. Komoroski, A.L. Bryan Jr., and J. Burger. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Conservation Biology 14(2): 414-419. Abstract: Abstract: Wetland development within the United States is regulated primarily by size. Decisions concerning wetland destruction or conservation are therefore based in part on three inherent assumptions. (1) small wetlands contain water for short portions of the year, (2) small wetlands support few species, and (3) species found in small wetlands are also found in larger wetlands. We tested these assumptions using data on wet land size, relative hydroperiod (drying scores), and relative species richness of amphibians in depression wetlands of the southeastern United States. We found a significant (p = 0.03) but weak (r2 = 0.05) relationship between hydroperiod and wetland size and no relationship (p = 0.48) between amphibian species richness and wetland size. Furthemore, synthetic models of lentic communities predict that short-hydroperiod wetlands support a unique group of species. Empirical investigations support this prediction. Our results indicate that,hydaroperiod length should be included as a primary criterion in wetland regulations. We advocate a landscape approach to wetlands regulation, focused in part on conserving a diversity of wetlands that represent the entire hydroperiod gradient. |
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Resources and estuarine health: Perceptions about elected officials and recreational fishers Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): J. Sanchez, M. McMahon, J. Leonard, R. Ramos and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Abstract: It is important to understand the perceptions of user groups regarding both the health of our estuaries and environmental problems requiring management. Recreational fishers were interviewed to determine the perceptions of one of the traditional user groups of Barnegat Bay (New Jersey), and elected officials were interviewed to determine if the people charged with making decisions about environmental issues in the bay held Simi lar perceptions. Although relative ratings were similar, there were significant differences in perceptions of the severity of environmental problems, and for the most part, public officials thought the problems were more severe than did the fishers. Personal water craft (often called let Skis) were rated as the most severe problem, followed by cherni- cal pollution, junk, overfishing, street runoff, and boat oil. Small boats, sailboats, wind surfers, and foraging birds were not considered environmental problems by either elected officials or fishermen. The disconnect between the perceptions of the recreational fishers and those of the locally elected public officials suggests that officials may be hearing from some of the more vocal people about problems, rather than from the typical fishers. Both groups felt there were decreases in some of the resources in the bay; over 50% felt the number of fish and crabs had declined, the size of fish and crabs had declined, and the number of turtles had declined. Among recreational fishers, there were almost no differences in perceptions of the severity of environmental problems or in changes in the bay. The problems that were rated the most severe were personal watercraft and over- fishing by commercial fishers. Recreational fishers ranked sailboats, wind surfers, and fishing by birds as posing no problem for the bay. Most fishers felt there had been recent major changes in Barnegat Bay, with there now being fewer and smaller fish, fewer and smaller crabs, and fewer turtles. The results suggest that the, views of a wide range of coastal users should be considered when making environmental health decisions. |
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Respiratory protective devices: Rates of medical clearance and causes for work restrictions Author: Pappas, G.P., Other Author(s): T.K. Takaro, B. Stover, N. Beaudet, M. Salazar, J. Calcagni, D. Shoop, and S. Barnhart. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: American Journal of Industrial Medicine 53: 390-394 Abstract: There are no published data on the outcomes and benefits of medical evaluations for the use of respiratory protective devices. We, therefore, conducted a retrospective database and chart review to assess the rates of medical clearance and causes for work restrictions at a Department of Energy complex. All workers with work restrictions or denied clearance over a one-year period were identified and their medical records abstracted. Of the 5,569 workers who received medical evaluation, only 71 (1.3%) received limitations on respirator use documented in their medical record. Of the 65 workers with sufficient medical records for additional analysis, 9 of the 5,569 workers (0.2%) were denied medical learance, while 56 workers (I. I%) received work restrictions. Pregnancy was the most common cause for denying medical clearance for respirator use. Lung disease, cardiovascular disease, and laustrophobia were the most common causes for work restrictions. Physical examination and spirometry added little to the detection of relevant medical conditions. We conclude that few workers fail medical clearance for respirator use or receive work restrictions. Data on adverse events from respirator use are needed to help design appropriate medical evaluations and uniform criteria for work restrictions or denial of medical clearance. |
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Responding to economic change in remote, rural regions; federal installations in Idaho and Washington Author: Mayer, H.J., Other Author(s): and M. Greenberg Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Journal of Rural studies 16: 421-432. Abstract: The federal government's massive spending on nuclear weapons materials and research generated tens of thousands of jobs and pumped billions of dollars into a small number of regions during the 1940s and 1950s. This concentration of financial and physical resources caused the almost overnight formation of small urban centers in what formerly had been remote, rural areas, and made the economies of the regions that surround the two physically largest sites at Hanford and INEEL heavily dependent on nuclear-related government funding. With the end of the Cold War and global agreement to reduce nuclear arsenals, most of these facilities have been made obsolete. More than 10,000 jobs have been recently eliminated and thousands more were lost at private companies providing support services to these facilities and the displaced workers and their families. Further reductions will likely occur within the next 7-10 years. Our research looked at how local leaders in the still largely rural regions surrounding these two Department of Energy (DOE) sites responded to these economic changes, how have the communities reacted to the likelihood that these facilities would never again be a significant economic engine for the region, and what actions are being taken to reduce the impact of significant DOE cutbacks expected in the future? The results raise critical questions regarding the long-term economic future of the two regions and whether a more aggressive multi-faceted effort is required to stave off a long-term decline. |
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Review of noncancer risk assessment: Applications of benchmark dose methods Author: Faustman, E.M., Other Author(s): and S.M. Bartell. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 3(5): 893-920. Abstract: The overall goal of this project is to evaluate and compare risk assessment methods traditionally used for noncancer health risks and to compare them with new approaches. These methods include the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL), and the more recently proposed benchmark dose (BMD), in whigh a dose is identified using a curve-fitting procedure and a prespecified effect level. Applications of the BMD method are reviewed for developmenw toxicity, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, ecological toxicity, carcinogenicity, and other biological impacts. Evaluations have shown that the benchmark method is generally no more conservative than the NOAEL approach and confers several significant advantages for safety assessment. In addition, traditional safety factor approaches used for RfD calculation based on LOAEL values are overly conservative. Studies show that exposures at NOAELs are not "risk free" but may represent effect levels ranging from 3% Lip to 21%. An important advantage of BMD approaches is that regulatory limits can be consistently set at a given response level rather than being dictated bv studv design. BMD methodology also allows for easy transition to biologically based dose response modeling as such models are developed. V |
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Revisiting the commons: Local lessons, global challenges Author: Ostrom E., Other Author(s): J. Burger, C.B.Field, R.B. Norgaard, and D. Policansky. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Science 9(284) 278-282. Abstract: In a seminal paper, Garrett Hardin argued in 1968 that users of a commons are caught in an inevitable process that leads to the destruction of the resources on which they depend. This article discusses new insights about such problems and the conditions most likely to favor sustainable uses of common-pool resources. Some of the most difficult challenges concern the management of large-scale resources that depend on international cooperation, such as fresh water in international basins or large marine ecosystems. Institutional diversity may be as important as biological diversity for our long-term survival. |
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Rising winter precipitation at the Hanford nuclear reservation, Washington: Possible implications for surface barrier performance Author: Yamaguchi D.K., Other Author(s): and S.M. Bartell. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Water Resources Research. Abstract: Water derived from winter (-November-to-March) precipitation carries nuclear and chemical wastes in contaminated soils at the Hanford nuclear site, Washington, downward to the groundwater and adjacent Columbia River. Accordingly, detailed understanding of the nature and variability of winter precipitation at this and site is central to managing groundwater recharge there. Winter precipitation at Hanford has been rising at an average rate of 2.9 mm per decade since November 1912 (P = 0.044). The trend appears to be real because two nearby climate stations show similar (albeit nonsignificant) trends, and a plot of cumulative precipitation at the three stations fails to deflect in the 1940s when the Hanford station was moved. If the trend continues, the precipitation will start to overflow surface barriers intended to limit water infiltration into the soil at acute localities for 1,000 years in 250 to 700 years. This failure rate would compromise plans to halt the migration of contaminants to the groundwater. |
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Rising winter temperatures upwind and near the Hanford reservation over the past century: Impact of large-scale human forcing of rising precipitation Author: Yamaguchi, D.K. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Water Resources Research. September. Abstract: |
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Risk and recreation: Differences due to gender, age and education Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: 10 Risk: Health, Safety and Environment 109- 119. Abstract: Introduction In the coming decades, the Department of Energy (DOE) will be making decisions regarding their mission for future land uses of many of its former weapons production sites in 34 states. The DOE is considering seven land use options: agriculture, residential, recreational, open space/recreation, open space, industrial/commercial, and storage/disposal. Several groups will provide information to influence future land use decisions, including local state and federal governments, tribal governments, site-specific advisory boards, affected communities, interest groups, and community organizations.It is becoming increasingly clear that the decisions concerning future land use of the DOE sites must be made with input from the groups mentioned above. Moreover, the role of local government officers and public planners is critical to the process. |
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Risk assessment and screening strategies for beryllium exposure Author: Bartell, S.M., Other Author(s): T.K. Takaro, R.A. Ponce, J.P. Hill, E.M. Faustman, and G.S. Omenn. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Technology 7: 241-249. Abstract: Respirable beryllium is a potent toxicant that can cause pulmonary granulomous and inflammation in exposed individuals. These effects, known as chronic beryllium disease (CBD), occurred in 1-3% of all beryllium workers and in 4-16% of beryllium machinists in recent investigations. Decades ago, Merril Eisenbud and hius colleagues conducted early epidemiologic research to improve the understanding of CBD risks at low levels of beryllium exposure. Today, CBD continues to pose a challenge to industrial hygienists, toxicologists, and other health professionals and researchers seeking to understand and mitigate this difficult to treat but clearly preventable disease. We discuss current approaches for assessing and managing CBD risk, and highlight current research efforts that may improve our understanding of CBD. Special emphasis is given to the role of genetics in CBD development, the use of immunologically based lymphocyte proliferation testing (LPT) in occupational health surveillance and risk management, and the social, legal and ethical challenges posed by this information in forming appropriate preventative strategies. |
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Risk assessment as a governmental indicator Author: Goldstein, B.D. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Technology: Journal of the Franklin Institute 333(A): 59-62. Abstract: Risk assessment can be considered as one of many governmental indicators of value in decision processes. As for indicators such as the unemployment figure, housing starts, or the gross domestic product, no decision is solely based on the indicator. But the indicator is of value in identifying trends and setting priorities and otherwise serving as a basis for difficult but necessary decisions. Two activities have contributed to the foundation of this report: the Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation (CRESP) and the Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management. |
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Risk assessment, life history strategies, and turtles: Could declines be prevented or predicted Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): and S.D. Garber. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1995 Citation: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 46: 483-500. Abstract: The process of ecological risk assessment should involve the ability to predict adverse outcomes of particular environmental contaminants or human intrusions. Ecological risk assessment generally focuses on populations, communities, and ecosystems, rather than on individual health. We explore the importance of life history strategies of aquatic turtles to their risk from environmental contaminants and other human activities using three examples: the wood turtle Clemmys insculpta, a freshwater species; the diamondback terrapin malaclemys terrapin, a littoral species; and marine turtles as a group. These turtles are partly herbivorous and are at low or intermediate levels on the food chain, yet are particularly vulnerable due to their life history strategies of being long-lived with relatively low survival of young. They suffer a variety of natural mortality factors that include predation, starvation, and disease, as well as inundation and destruction of nesting beaches and their eggs by storrns. Yet they also face a number of anthropogenic hazards, including toxic chemicals and floatables (plastics); capture for food, other products, and pets; incidental mortality, in fishing gear: disturbance while nesting or moving on land; injuries or death by collision with boats; and increased predator exposure because of humans. The three turtle species (or groups of species) examined have experienced these natural and anthropogenic, pressures differentially, with resultant differences in the rates of population declines. Because they are lower on the food chain than other obligate carnivores, they are less vulnerable to toxics, and to date, toxics seem a relatively inconsequential environmental risk to turtles. |
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Risk assessment: We need more than an ecological veneer Author: Karr, J.R. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1995 Citation: Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 1(4): 436-442. Abstract: Direct risks to human health are not the only environmental risks that society faces. Because of the large and still increasing human population and the continuing proliferation of technology, the effects of human activities are now the most important driver of change on Earth. Ecological risk assessemnt is an important response to the effects of global change. Ecological risk assessment however, is like a new high-speed train built before plans were made or tracks laid to define its direction and the cities it will connect. Current risk assessment is most often used to project the risk of toxicological effects, usually on human Health, such as the risk of human illness from exposure to pesticides or the risk of death from breathing air pollutants. For ecological risk assessment to fulfill its potential, more careful thought must go into defining the specific societal goals for ecological risk assessment, especially the risks to be averted. |
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Risk Concerns, Land Use, Stewardship, and the Idaho national engineering and environmental laboratory: attitudes of the shoshone-bannock and other american indians. Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): D.E. Roush, R. Ramos, and M. Gochfeld Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 200X Citation: Environmental Research Section A 83, 298-310 (2000) Abstract: This paper examines the attitudes and perceptions of 277 American Indians about hunting and fishing, risk, and future land use of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) in southeastern Idaho. Nearly half of our sample were Shoshone-Bannock tribal members living on the nearby Fort Hall Reservation, and half were American Indians from elsewhere in the western United States. We also interviewed an additional 44 White people. We examine the hypothesis that there are differences in environmental concerns and attitudes toward future land use at INEEL as a function of tribal affiliation (ethnicity), educational level, gender, and age. Such perceptions are important because of the existence of tribal treaties that govern the legal and cultural rights of the Shoshone-Bannock. Returning INEEL to the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes, hunting, fishing, camping, hiking, and a National Environmental Research Park ranked as the highest preferred future land uses, whereas continuing nuclear materials reprocessing and increasing the storage of nuclear wastes ranked as the lowest. There were tribal differences in land use preferences, with those of the Fort Hall Indians being more similar to those of the local Whites than to other American Indians. All groups ranked storage of nuclear material, storage of additional nuclear material, and spills and accidents as the most serious of a list of concerns provided about the site. Fort Hall Indians answered an open-ended question with concerns for population levels and migration routes of game animals and other wildlife, more than hunting and human health. The Shoshone-Bannock from Fort Hall showed an environmental sensitivity for the well-being of wildlife and the health of the ecosystem and were interested in long-term stewardship, in addition to concern for human health. |
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Risk estimation and value-of-information analyses for three proposed genetic screening programs for chronic beryllium disease prevention Author: Bartell, S.M., Other Author(s): Ponce, R.A., Takaro, T.K., Zerbe, R.O., Omenn, G.S., and E.M. Faustman. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Risk Analysis 20(1): 87-99. Abstract: Genetic differences (polymorphisms) among members of a population are thought to influence susceptibility to various environmental exposures. In practice, however, this information is rarely incorporated into quantitative risk assessment and risk management. We describe an analytic framework for predicting the risk reduction and value-of-information (VOI) resulting from specific risk management applications of genetic biomarkers, and we apply the framework to the example of occupational chronic beryllium disease (CBD), an immune-mediated pulmonary granulomatous disease. One described Human Leukocyte Antigen gene variant, HLA-DP1*0201, contains a substitution of glutamate for lysine at position 69 that appears to have high sensitivity (approximately 94%) but low specificity (approximately 70%) with respect to CBD among individuals occupationally exposed to respirable beryllium. The expected postintervention CBD prevalence rates for using the genetic variant (1) as a required job placement screen, (2) as a medical screen for semiannual in place of annual lymphocyte proliferation testing, or (3) as a voluntary job placement screen are 0.08%, 0.8%, and 0.6%, respectively, in a hypothetical cohort with 1% baseline CBD prevalence. VOI analysis is used to examine the reduction in total social cost, calculated as the net value of disease reduction and financial expenditures, expected for proposed CBD intervention programs based on the genetic susceptibility test. For the example cohort, the expected net VOI per beryllium worker for genetically based testing and intervention is $ 13,000, $ 1,800, and $ 5,100, respectively, based on a health valuation of $ 1.45 million per CBD case avoided. VOI results for alternative CBD valuations are also presented. Despite large parameter uncertainty, probabilistic analysis predicts generally positive utility for each of the three evaluated programs when avoidance of a CBD case is valued at $ 1 million or higher. Although the utility of a proposed risk management program may be evaluated solely in terms of risk reduction and financial costs, decisions about genetic testing and program implementation must also consider serious social, legal, and ethical factors. |
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Risk Estimation and Value-of-Information Analysis for Three Proposed Genetic Screening Programs for Chronic Beryllium Disease Prevention Author: Bartell, S.M., Other Author(s): R.A. Ponce, T.K. Takaro, R.O. Zerbe, G.S. Omenn, E.M. Faustman. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Risk Analysis 20: 87-99. Abstract: DOE Site: "Hanford"Document type is: "CRESP Published Manuscripts"CRESP Task Group: "Worker safety and health"Status: "Published"Location of Document: "CRESP-UW" Abstract: "Genetic differences (polymorphisms) among members of a population are thought to influence susceptibility to various environmental exposures. In practice, however, this information is rarely incorporated into quantitative risk assessments and risk management. We describe an analytic framework for predicting the risk reduction and value-of-information (VOI) resulting from specific risk management applications of genetic biomarkers, and we apply the framework to the example of occupational chronic beryllium disease (CBD), and immune-mediated pulmonary granulomatous disease. One described Human Leukocyte Antigen gene variant, HLA-DPB1*0201, contains a substitution of glutamate for lysine at position 69 that appears to have high sensitivity (~94%) but low specificity (~70%) with respect to CBD among individuals occupationally exposed to respirable beryllium. The expected postintervention CBD prevalence rates for using the genetic variant (1) as a required job placement screen, (2) as a medical screen for semiannual in place of annual lymphocyte proliferation testing, or (3) as a voluntary job placement screen are 0.08%, 0.8%, and 0.6%, respectively, in a hypothetical cohort with 1% baseline CBD prevalence. VOI analysis is used to examine the reduction in total social cost, calculated as the net value of disease reduction and fianacial expenditures, expected for proposed CBD intervention programs based on the genetic susceptibility test. For the example cohort, the expected net VOI per beryllium worker for genetically based testing and intervention is $13,000, $1,800, $5,100, respectively, based on a health valuation of $1.45 million per CBD case avoided. VOI results for alternative CBD valuations are also presented. Despite large parameter uncertainty, probabilistic analysis predicts generally positive utility for each of the three evaluated programs when avoidance of a CBD case is valued at $1 million or higher. Although the utility of a proposed risk management program may be evaluated solely in terms of risk reduction and financial costs, decisions about genetic testing and program implementation must also consider serious social, legal, and ethical factors." |
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Risk management will not be improved by mandating numerical uncertainty analysis for risk assessment Author: Goldstein, B.D. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1995 Citation: University of Cincinnati Law Review 63(4): 1599-1610. Abstract: The no man's land between science and public policy is a dangerous area for policy advocates who tend to lose their way amidst the barbed wire entanglements of science and engineering. The United States Congress may well be the premier lawmaking body in the world, capable of wisely promulgating and amending laws that govern all facets of the lives of the American public. Congress can certainly alter our social and economic well-being, can affect our culture, and can alter our ability to function as free individuals. But Congress cannot make or amend the laws of nature. Nor can it function effectively in areas such as risk assessment without taking into account the underlying technical issues that govern policy impact. Through the years that environmental risk assessment has been in use, there have been frequent calls for providing a numerical estimate of the uncertainty of any risk estimate. Recently, these calls have been raised to the level of equirements in proposed congressional legislation to regulate the use of risk, including recent legislation derived from the Republican "Contract with America."' I argue that the routine addition, of numerical uncertainty factors to probabilistic risk estimates is a poor policy alternative that will add confusion and provide further unnecessary complexity to the risk assessment process. Most importantly, it will not achieve the aim of improving environmental decision-making. Rather, it will just throw another time-wasting hurdle into what is already an overly complex process. |
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Risk perception in context: The Savannah River stakeholder study Author: Williams, B., Other Author(s): S. Brown and .M. Greenberg. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Risk Analysis 19(6): 1019-1035. Abstract: Environmental managers are increasingly charged with involving the public in the development and modification of policies regarding risks to human health and the environment. Involving the public in environmental decision making first requires a broad understanding of how and why the public perceives various risks. The Savannah River Stakeholder Study was conducted with the purpose of investigating individual, economic, and social characteristics of risk perceptions among those living near the Savannah River Nuclear Weapons Site. A number of factors were found to impact risk perceptions among those living near the site. One's estimated proximity to the site and relative river location surfaced as strong determinants of risk perceptions among SRS residents. Additionally, living in a quality neighborhood and demonstrating a willingness to accept health risks for economic gain strongly abated heightened risk perceptions. |
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Risk perception, federal spending, and the Savannah River Site: Attitudes of hunters and fishermen Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): J. Sanchez, J.W. Gibbons, and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Risk Analysis 17(3): 313-320. Abstract: This paper examines the attitudes of 285 hunters and fishermen from South Carolina about hunting and fishing, risk, environmental issues, and future land use of the Savannah River Site. We test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in hunting and fishing rates, attitudes toward the safety of fish and deer obtained from SRS, attitudes toward future land use at SRS, and perceptions of the severity of environmental problems as a function of how far respondents lived from the site. Respondents hunted or fished an average of over 40 days a year, and only half felt that the fish and deer from SRS were safe to eat. Willingness to expend federal funds was correlated with perceptions of the severity of the problem. Preferences for future land use at SRS fell into three categories: high (environmental research park, hunting, fishing, camping), medium (nuclear production, factories, preserve only), and low (nuclear waste storage, residential). There were no differences in hunting and fishing rates, ranking of the severity of environmental problems, and willingness to expend federal funds as a function of distance of residence from SRS, btit attitudes toward future land use differed significantly as a function of location of residence. Those living close to SRS were more willing to have the site used for factories, residential, nuclear material production and to store nuclear wastes than those living farther from the site. Our data on recreational rates, attitudes toward future land use, and willingness to expend federal funds to solve environmental problems reiterate the importance of assessing stakeholder attitudes toward decisions regarding future land use at DOE sites |
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Risk, mercury levels, and birds: Relating adverse laboratory effects to field biomonitoring Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Environmental Research 75: 160-172. Abstract: There is an abundance of field data on levels of mercury in a variety of organisms and there are a number of studies that demonstrate the adverse effects of mercury on laboratory animals, but few studies examine the relationship between the two. Thus it is often difficult to determine the ecological relevance of mercury concentrations found in nature, or to predict the ecosystem consequences of current levels. In this paper we review the levels in tissues that are associated with adverse, effects in birds from laboratory studies and compare these with levels found in wild bird populations in the New York Bight to provide a basis for interpreting values in avian populations. We use feathers from fledgling birds which would have been fed on locally obtained food to eliminate the problem of where toxic burdens were acquired by more mobile adult birds. Laboratory studies indicate that in some species mercury levels of 1.5 ppm in eggs and/ or 5 to 40 ppm in the feathers of birds are associated with adverse effects, including impaired reproduction. We report egg levels in birds that range as high as 3.8 ppm and feather levels that range as high as 10.3 ppm, although means are much lower. The lev- els in eggs of some wild birds in the New York Bight are within the range known to lower hatchability, embryo and chick survival, and chick weight, all variables that reduce reproductive success. Species with high egg levels include Forster's tern (Sterna forsteri) and black skimmer (Rynchops niger). Levels in feathers of some young wild birds from the New York Bight are within the range associated with reduced hatchability of eggs, behavioral abnormalities of adults, and infertility. Species with dangerously elevated mercury levels in feathers include great egret (Ardea [=Egretta] alba), snowy egret (Egretta thula), and black skimmers. |
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Running head: Metals and metallothionein in racoon Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): C.G. Lord, L. McGrath, K.F. Gaines, I.L. Brisbin, Jr., M. Gochfeld, and E.J. Yurkow. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: J. Toxicol. Environmental Health 60: 243-261. Abstract: |
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Secular and faith-based organisations as reliable information sources for residents of environmentally stressed neighbourhoods Author: Greenberg, M., Other Author(s): and L. Osafo Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Local Environment, Vol. 5, No.2, 171-189 Abstract: |
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Semen quality of men employed at a lead smelter Author: Alexander, B.H., Other Author(s): C. Checkoway, C. van Netten, C.H. Muller, T.G. Ewers, J.D. Kaufman, B.A. Mueller, T.L. Vaughn, and E.M. Faustman. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Occupational and Environmental Medicine 53: 411-416. Abstract: Objective--To evaluate the effects of recent and long term occupational lead exposure on indicators of male reproductive health. |
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Sites of particle retention and lung tissue responses to chronically inhaled diesel exhaust and coal dust in rats and Cynomolgus monkeys Author: Nikula, K.J., Other Author(s): K.J.Avila, W.C. Griffith, and J.L Mauderly. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Environmental Health Perspectives 105(Supplement 5): 1231-1234. Abstract: The usefulness of pulmonary carcinogenicity data from rats exposed to high concentrations of particles for quantitatively predicting lung cancer risk in humans exposed to much lower environmental or occupational concentrations has been questioned. The results of several chronic inhalation bioassays of poorly soluble, nonfibrous particles have suggested that rats may be more prone than other rodent species to develop persistent pulmonary epithelial hyperplasia, metaplasia, and tumors in response to the accumulation of inhaled particles. In addition, rats and primates differ in their pulmonary anatomy and rate of particle clearance from the lung. This paper reviews results of recent Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute Albuquerque, NM) investigations that directly compared the anatomical patterns of particle retention and the lung tissue responses of rats and monkeys exposed chronically to high occupational concentrations of poorly soluble particles. Lung sections from male cynomolgus monkeys and F344 rats exposed 7 hr/day, 5 days/week for 24 months to filtered ambient air, diesel exhaust (2 mg soot/m3), coal dust (2 mg respirable particulate material/m3), or diesel exhaust and coal dust combined (1 mg soot and 1 mg respirable coal dust/m3) were obtained from a study conducted at the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and examined histopathologically and morphometrically. Within each species, the sites of particle retention and lung tissue responses were the same for diesel soot, coal dust, and combined material. Rats retained a significantly greater portion of the particulate material in the lumens of alveolar ducts and alveoli than monkeys. Conversely, monkeys retained a significantly greater portion of the particulate material in the interstitium than rats. Rats, but not monkeys, had significant alveolar epithelial hyperplastic, inflammatory, and septal fibrotic responses to the retained particles. These results suggest that anatomic patterns of particle retention and lung tissue reactions in rats may not be predictive of retention patterns and tissue responses in primates that inhale poorly soluble particles at concentrations representing high occupational exposures. |
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Socioeconomic impacts of US nuclear weapons facilities: A large scale analysis of Savannah River, 1950 - 1993 Author: Greenberg, M., Other Author(s): D. Krueckeberg, K. Lowrie, H. Mayer, D. Simon, A. Isserman and D. Sorensen. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Applied Geography 18(2): 101-116. Abstract: During the 1940s and 1950s, massive facilities were built in the United States to design, construct and test nuclear weapons. What has been the impact of these facilities on the employment, income and population of the surrounding areas? Doubt exists about whether the national security mission was good for the regions where the facilities were built. Using four counties adjacent to the 310- square mile Savannah River nuclear weapons site, we apply a method that estimates the impact by comparing the growth of the counties to a set of counties that were similar prior to the construction of the nuclear weapons facilities. This counterfactual method identified large increases in employment, income and population during the 1950s and the mid-1980s in two counties with weapons facilities. But no benefits and perhaps a negative impact appeared for a third county. The DOE and its contractors are dramatically reducing employment and budgets at Savannah River and other weapons sites. Employment at the site has fallen from over 25,000 in 1992 to less than 17,000 in 1996. It may drop to 8000 if no new 'missions' are created. Federal policy toward these regions is discussed in light of these intra-regional variations in economic impact. |
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Spatial extent of increasing 20th century winter precipitation upwind of the Hanford nuclear site, Washington Author: Yamaguchi D.K. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Water Resources Research. Abstract: |
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Spatial group choice: A SDSS tool for collaborative spatial decision making Author: Jankowski, P., Other Author(s): T.L.Nyerges, A. Smith, T.J. Moore, and E. Horvath. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: International Journal of Geographical Information Science 11(6): 577-602. Abstract: Current trends in modern organizations towards flatter structures and the involvement of many stakeholder groups in solving spatial decision problems have created a need for information technology capable of supporting collaborative spatial decision-making. Such information technology has developed in recent years for the computerized support of group decision-making aimed at solving business problems, e.g., market strategies, corporate planning, product development, and others. Similar information technology to support group decision-making aimed at solving spatial decision problems, e.g., site selection, choice of environmental and economic strategies, and urban/regional development, are now beginning to appear in the research literature. GIS, often designed for spatial decision support, have lacked a capability to collate interests and interactions to support collaborative spatial decision-making. As a step towards addressing this void, we present a spatial decision support system for groups (SDSS-G) called Spatial Group Choice. A spatial problem focusing on prioritizing habitat site development is used as a backdrop to present the design and development issues. We discuss the technical and social-oriented design guidelines adopted for the development of Spatial Group Choice using a framework that characterizes meetings in terms of spatial-temporal dimensionality. We then describe the design and implementation of Spatial Group Choice, including a 'tour' of the software, using a habitat restoration decision problem. We conclude with issues unresolved and prospects for future development. |
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Stakeholder identification and prioritization of communication channels for environmental public outreach in counties surrounding the Savannah River site Author: Williams, B., Other Author(s): S. Brown, and M. Greenberg. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Risk: Health, Safety, and Environment 11(1):69-92. Abstract: |
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Stakeholder particpation: Experience from the CRESP program Author: Goldstein, B.D., Other Author(s): S. Erdal, J. Burger, E. Faustman, B. Friedlander, M. Greenberg, T. Leschine, C.W. Powers, L. Waishwell, and B. Williams. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Journal of Environmental Epidemiology and Toxicology 2: 1-9. Abstract: The Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation (CRESP) is an experiment in attempting to mobilize academic based mlulti-disciplinary research to be responsive to stakeholder in a manner that allows resolution of complex environmntal heaIth issues and leads to enhanced environmental and public health protection. CRESP investigators have carried out projects in which stakeholders are involved in various steps of the project cycle. In this paper, some examples of CRESP's approach to community-based research is presented. Difficulties, challenges, advantages, and methods for performing research with stakeholder involvement in an academic setting are also highlighted. CRESP's experience with comrnunity-based research should be viewed as an experiment in progress. Although CRESP has had apparent success as shown with examples in this paper, further analysis is needed to determine whether the central experimental questions have been answered: whether we have truly been able to effectively involve stakeholders in our research and whether academic researchers effectively respond to stakeholder needs. |
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Stationary and time-dependent indoor tracer-gas concentration profiles measured by OP-FTIR remote sensing and sbfm-computed tomography. Author: Drescher, A.C. Other Author(s): M.G. Yost, A.J. Gadgil, S.P. Levine, and W.W. Nazaroff. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Atmospheric Envionment 31(5),727-740 Abstract: |
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Structure and function of occupational health services within selected Department of Energy weapons sites Author: Salazar, M.K., Other Author(s): T. Takaro, K. Ertell, M. Gochfeld, S. O'Neill, C. Connor and S. Barnhart. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: JOEM 41(12): 1072-1078. Abstract: |
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Studies of multi-route exposure/dose reconstruction using physiologically based pharmacokinetic models Author: Roy, A., Other Author(s): C.P. Weisel, M.A. Gallo, and P.G. Georgopoulos. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Toxicology and Industrial Health 12(2): 153-163. Abstract: Exposure assessment traditionally employs measurements or estimates of contaminant concentrations in environmental media in contact with humans. However, significant uncertainties are inherent in this approach. Media concentrations of contaminants are known to exhibit considerable spatial and temporal variability, which makes obtaining accurate estimates of exposure levels difficult. Furthermore, uncertainty is also introduced by variations in individual activity patterns and rate of uptake of contaminants. An alternative approach for assessing the impact of environmental contaminants on humans is through exposure/dose reconstruction, wherein internal dose and exposure concentrations are estimated using post-exposure measurements of suitable response metrics, such as concentration of biomarkers. Wallace et al. (1993) implemented this approach using a linear phenomenologic compartmental model. In the present study, this approach has been implemented on a mechanistic basis by using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, which can incorporate nonlinear cause-effect relationships. A schematic showing the flow of information for two complementary approaches to exposure assessment (forward and backward calculation) is given in Figure 1. In the present study, PBPK models of chloroform with different representations of dermal absorption have been used to examine the accuracy of multi-media/multi-route exposure concentration reconstruction. Post-exposure, exhaled breath concentration was used as a biomarker of chloroform exposure. Because internal dose is estimated directly from biomarker data using a PBPK model, much of the uncertainty of varying exposure concentrations, human activity patterns, and uptake efficacy are avoided. As shown in Figure 1, one aim of the exposure assessment is to use the estimate of internal dose as an input to a pharmacodynamic model to determine physiological response. |
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Temporal trends in metal levels in eggs of the endangered roseate tern (Sterna dougallii) Author: Gochfeld, M., Other Author(s): and J. Burger. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Environmental Research 76: 1-7. Abstract: Female birds sequester certain organic and inorganic compounds in their eggs which have been widely used as a bioindicator for examining the body burdens of contaminants and therefore the temporal and spatial trends of the contaminants in the environment. The same analyses can also reflect the status or vulnerability of the indicator species. Extensive bridge de-leading activities in the New York Bight (Cape May to Montauk) in the early 1990s coincided with a long-term study of the endangered roseate tem (Sterna dougallii) on Long Island, New York, affording the opportunity to test the utility of such fish-eating species as bloindicators of lead contamination, as well as the potential impact on the bird population itself. In this paper we test the null hypothesis that there were no temporal trends between 1989 and 1994 in metal levels in eggs of roseate tems nesting at Cedar Beach, Long Island, where the birds have been declining since the late 1980s. We report levels and trends for cadmium, chromium, manganese, mercury, and selenium as well as lead in abandoned eggs collected each year. There were significant interyear differences for all metals, with 1990 to 1992 generally having higher levels than 1989 and 1994. The yearly differences were particularly prominent for lead, where the 10-fold increase may have been partially due to the increased removal of leaded paint from bridges in the early 1990s, leading to increased lead in the aquatic environment. Cadmium and chromium are also released during de-leading. The causes for the higher levels in the other metals in the early 1990s are unclear. Metal levels in roseate tem eggs are several times higher than the median reported for most birds, and the possible impact on the population requires study. |
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The centrality of ecosystem health in achieving sustainability in the 21st century: Concepts and new approaches to environmental management Author: Rapport, D.J., Other Author(s): N. Christensen, J.R. Karr, and G.P. Patil. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Transactions/Memoires of The Royal Society of Canada Annual Meeting, Ottawa, November 21. Abstract: The quality of human life in the 21" century depends on the health of the earth's ecosystems. For it is the life support systems, the so-called ecological services provided by healthy (well functioning) ecosystems that are the essential prerequisite for a healthy human society. Earth's ecosystems are now dominated by human activity (Vitousek el aL 1997), and they show the siggs of widespread degradation (Hilden & Rapport 1993; Rapport et aL 1998a). We suggest that the pathway to a viable future lies in recognising the necessity of restoring and maintaining ecosystem health. To accomplish this requires the development of a more integrative approach to the science and management of the environment. In this paper we define the concept of ecosystem health, illustrate approaches to its assessment, and introduce new approaches to environmental management. |
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The centrality of ecosystem health in achieving sustainability in the 21st century: Concepts and new approaches to environmental management. Author: Rapport, D.J. Other Author(s): J. R. Karr, and G. P. Patil. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Series VI, Volume IX, 3-40. Abstract: |
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The effect of fixed-count subsampling on macroinvertebrate biomonitoring in small streams. Author: Doberstein, C.P., Other Author(s): J. R. Karr, and L. L. Conquest. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Freshwater Biology 44, 1-17. Abstract: I. When rigorous standards of collecting and analysing data are maintained, biological monitoring adds valuable information to water resource assessments. Decisions, from study design and field methods to laboratory procedures and data analysis, affect assessment quality. Subsampling-a laboratory procedure in which researchers count and identify a random subset of field samples--is widespread yet controversial. What are the consequences of subsampling? 2. To explore this question, random subsamples were computer generated for subsample sizes ranging from 100 to 1000 individuals qs c,,,oVvxa with the results of counting whole samples. The study was done on benthic invertebrate samples collected from five Puget Sound lowland streams near Seattle, WA, USA. For each replicate subsample, values for 10 biological attributes (e.g. total number of taxa) and for the 10-metric benthic index of biological integrity (B-IBI) were computed. 3. Variance of each metric and E@-IBI for each subsample size was compared with variance associated with fully counted samples generated using the bootstrap algorithm. From the measures of variance, we computed the maximum number of distinguishable classes of stream,condition as a function of sample size for each metric and for B-IBI. 4. Subsampling significantly decreased the maximum number of distinguishable stream classes for B-IBI, from 8.2 for fully counted samples to 2.8 classes for 100-organisrn subsamples. For subsamples containing 100-300 individuals, discriminatory power was low enough to mislead water resource decision makers. |
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The future is now: Biological monitoring to ensure healthy waters Author: Karr, J.R. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Northwest Science 71: 244-247. Abstract: |
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The historical basis for ecological risk assessment Author: Burger, J. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 837: 360-371. Abstract: Preservation and protection of the environment moved to the fore in the mid 196Os with the realization that populations of birds and fish were declining precipitously in response to heavy loads of pesticides and other contaminants. The environmental movement spurred a flurry of legislation in the late 196Os that culminated in the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the development of the environmental impact assessment process. Environmental impact assessments have several disadvantages, which result in a lack of environmental protection, including: 1)an emphasis on endangered or threatened species, 2) no requirement for experts, 3) no consistency among approaches or methods used, no consistency in endpoints, no requirement for consideration of uncertainties, monitoring, or risk. The next 20 years saw more legislation and developments in the assessment process, but the next major leap was ecological risk assessment, beginning in the late 1980s. Ecological risk assessment developed from the fields of ecology, ecotoxicology, wildlife and land management, and risk assessment. The paradigm of human health risk assessment was modified for ecological risk assessment to reflect the increase in number of species and complexity of ecosystems. |
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The natural flow regime: A paradigm for river conservation and restoration Author: Poff, N.L., Other Author(s): J.D. Allan, M.G. Bain, J.R. Karr, K.L. Prestegaard, B.D. Richter, R.E. Sparks, and J.C. Stromberg. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Bioscience 47(11):769-784. Abstract: Humans have long been fascinated by the dynamism of free-flowing waters. Yet we have expended great effort to tame rivers for transportation, water supply, flood control, agriculture, and power generation. It is now recognized that harnessing of streams and rivers no longer support socially valued native species or sustain healthy ecosystems that provide important goodds and services (Naiman et al. 1995, NRC 1992). |
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The natural flow regime: A paradigm for river conservation and restoration Author: Poff, N.L., Other Author(s): J. D. Allan, M. B. Bain, J. R. Karr, K. L. Prestegaard, B. D. Richter, R. E. Sparks, and J. C. Stromberg. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Bioscience 47: 769–784. Abstract: |
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The role of intracellular glutathione in methylmercury-induced toxicity in embryonic neuronal cells Author: Ou, Y.C., Other Author(s): C.C. White, C.M. Krejsa, R.A. Ponce, T.J. Kavanagh, and E.M. Faustman. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Neurotoxicology 20:793-804. Abstract: |
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The tragedy of the commons thirty years later Author: Burger J., Other Author(s): and M. Gochfeld. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Environment 40: 5-13, 26-27. Abstract: Thirty years ago ecologist Garrett Hardin invoked the analogy of a "Commons" in support of his thesis that as human populations increased, there would be increasing pressure on finite resources at both the local and particularly the global levels, with the resultant inevitability of overexploitation and ruin to all. This he termed the "Tragedy of the Commons."(1) In today's language, increasing populations and increased pressure on limited resources can lead to loss of sustainability. Hardin argued that "commons" resources could be exploited by anyone who could assert their rights to do so(1). He painted a bleak picture and stated a need for rigorous and even coercive regulation of human populations. His paper was widely cited first by natural scientists who provided many examples showing that indeed, increasing populations led to overexploitation, habitat degradation, and species extinctions(2). Even ecologists who found Hardin's reliance on coercion distasteful, emphasized the consequences of the imbalance between population and resources(3,4). Hardin's paper also stimulated many social scientists to bring their perspectives to bear on "commons" issues, with the result that many examples of both successful and unsuccessful maintenance of "commons" resources have now been published. This article illustrates the concept of "Commons" as a model for environmental management and sustainability. We provide a brief historical perspective on the "Tragedy of the Commons", describe some of the major issues surrounding the use of common- pool resources, and discuss the possible solutions to the dilemma Hardin proposed. |
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The tyranny of conventional wisdom? A response" Author: Morrill, R. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Political Geography 18: 45-48. Abstract: The critique from the discussants seems to be based on a priori assumptions that larger governments or wider interests and environmental values are inherently superiod. I raise the issue of whether this is fair or scientific. |
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The who, what, when, where, and why of risk characterization Author: Goldstein, B.D. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1995 Citation: Policy Studies Journal 23(1): 70-75. Abstract: Extending the characterization of risk beyond the dimension of how much, to the dimensions of who, what, when, where and why, presents opportunities to enhance the understanding of risk by the public and by the regulator, and to improve risk management. These added dimensions should be used only as a supplement to the standard probability-based description of risk. They should be restricted to those situations in which they enhance the likelihood of informed decisionmaking, are easy to develop technically, mid are not likely to add to the existing paralysis in regulatory decisionmaking. The dimension of time during which an adverse event is expected to occur potentially is of great value. It can be used to restore the public health base to environmental decisionmaking. |
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Time to deal with the legacy of secrecy: A book review of "Undue Risk: Secret state experiments on humans" Author: Upton, A. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Nature 406:938. Abstract: |
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Toxicity of inhaled 91YCl3 in dogs Author: Muggenburg, B.A., Other Author(s): B.B. Boecker, A.F. Hubbs, F.F. Hahn, M.B. Snipes, J.H. Diel, G.J. Newton, and W.C. Griffith. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Radiation Research 150: 212-226. Abstract: This study was conducted in dogs to determine the toxicity of inhaled 91YCl3, which is of interest because 91Y is a fission-product radionuclide that is abundant in a reactor inventory after sustained operation. Yttrium-91 has a short half-life, 59 days, and decays with the emission of P particles and low-yield y rays. The study was conducted in 58 beagle dogs with equal numbers of males and females. Forty-six dogs inhaled the 91YCl3 aerosol, while 12 served as controls. Four exposure levels were used. To determine the long-term retained burden (LTRB) of 91Y, each dog was periodically whole-body counted and its excreta were analyzed radiochemically. Over time, the 91Y transferred from the lung primarily to the skeleton and liver. The dogs were observed over their life spans for biological effects. Fatal hematological dyserasia occurred from 12 to 33 days after exposure in the dogs with the highest LTRBS. Bone-associated tumors of the nasal and oral mucosae occurred in 5 dogs from 2000 to 5800 days after they inhaled the 91YCl3 aerosols. Five dogs died with malignant lung tumors and 2 dogs with malignant liver tumors. The results of this study were compared to those from similar studies in beagles that inhaled 9OSrCl2 or 144CeCl3 or were injected with 137CsCl. The comparison showed that the biological effects in each study were clearly dependent on the cumulative doses to critical organs. |
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Toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic modeling of the effects of methylmercury in the fetal rat Author: Lewandowski, T.A., Other Author(s): S.M. Bartell, C.H. Pierce, R.A. Ponce, and E.M. Faustman. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: The Toxicologist 42(1-S), No. 683. Abstract: |
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Trace elements in egg contents and egg shells of slider turtles (Trachemys scripta) from the Savannah River Site: Another excretion method for females Author: Burger, J., Other Author(s): and J.W. Gibbons. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 34: 382-386. Abstract: In this paper we examine the levels of trace elements in the egg contents and egg shells of slider turtles (Trachemys Script from the Savannah River Site, near Aiken, South Carolina. Trace elements have seldom been examined in the tissues or eggs of reptiles, although some turtles and large snakes occupy a high trophic level. Lead, mercury, cadmium, selenium, chromium, and manganese levels were examined in one egg and its egg shell collected from each of 16 females that laid in late May and June 1996. We were interested in determining background levels, whether certain metals were sequestered in the egg shells, and whether levels were higher in contents or shells. concentrations were higher in egg contents than in shells for lead, mercury, and selenium, while chromium was higher in the shell. There were no differences for cadmium and manganese. Compared to eggs from other reptiles, levels in slider turtles were generally similar for cadmium and selenium, lower for chromium and lead, and higher for manganese. |
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Trichloroethylene and cancer: Epidemiologic evidence Author: Wartenberg, D., Other Author(s): D. Reyner, and C. S. Scott. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Environmental Health Perspectives 108 (Supplement 2):161-176. Abstract: |
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Trichloroethylene and methane feeding strategies to sustain degradation by methanotrophic enrichments Author: Walter, G.A., Other Author(s): S.E. Strand, R.P. Herwig, T.P. Treat, and H.D. Stensel. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Water Environment Research 69(6): 1066-1074. Abstract: Metabolite toxicity production during trichloroethylene (TCE) degradation by methanotrophic bacteria can lead to partial or complete inactivation of the TCE-degrading enrichment. The general objectives of this research were to determine if TCE and methane feeding strategies could be selected that would reduce metabolite toxicity effects and determine operating conditions that would sustain TCE-degrading methanotrophic enrichments. In batch treatment of TCE with and without methane, the presence of ethane doubled the amount of TCE degraded per unit biomass (0.051 mg TCE/mg biomass). In a closed complete-mix methanotrophic enrichment reactor continuously fed TCE and methane, reactor failure ccurred at a loading of only 0.005 mg TCE/mg volatile suspended solids (VSS) · d. In the same type of reactor operation with intermittent TCE feeding and continuous methane feeding, TCE degradation was sustained at daily loadings of 0.03 mg TCE/mg VSS · d. The intermittent TCE-fed reactor could produce an effluent TCE concentration below the drinking water standard (0.005 mg/L) at a higher TCE loading than the continuous-fed system (0.03 versus 0.002 5 mg TCE/mg VSS · d). The system with intermittent TCE feeding provided mor6 efficient use of methane relative to TCE degradation. The amount of methane onsumed per unit of TCE degraded was 33 and 167 mg methane/mg TCE for the intermittent and continuous TCE-fed operations, respectively. With continuous TCE exposure, the methanotrophic population in the continuous TCE-fed reactor changed to a type that is characterized by having less soluble TCE-oxidizing enzymes and slower TCE oxidation rates. |
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Uncertainty analysis methods for comparing predictive models and biomarkers: A case study of dietary methylmercury exposure Author: Ponce, R.A., Other Author(s): S.M. Bartell, R.C. Lee, T.J. Kavanagh, J.S. Woods, W.C. Griffith, T.K. Takaro, and E.M. Faustman. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Journal of Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 28(2): 96-105. Abstract: Biologically based markers (biomarkers) are currently used to provide information on exposure, health effects, and individual susceptibility to chemical and radiological wastes. However, the development and validation of biomarkers are expensive and time consuming. To determine whether biomarker development and use offer potential improvements to risk models based on predictive relationships or assumed values, we explore the use of uncertainty analysis applied to exposure models for dietary methylmercury intake. We compam exposure estimates based on self-reported fish intake and measured fish mercury concentrations with hiomarker-based expo- sure estimates (i.e., hair or blood mercury concentrations) using a published data set covering I month of exposure. Such a comparison of exposure model predictions allowed estimation of bias and random error associated with each exposure model From these analyses, both bias and random error were found to be important components of uncertainty regarding biomarker based exposure estimates, while the diary based exposure estimate was susceptible to bias. Application of the proposed methods to a simple case study demonstrates their utility in estimating the con tribution of population variability and measurement error in specific applications of biomarkers to envi- ronmental exposure and risk assessment. Such analyses can guide risk analysts and managers in the appropriate validation, use, and interpretation of exposure biomarker information. |
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Understanding the civic activities of the residents of inner-city neighborhoods:Two case studies Author: Greenberg, M. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1998 Citation: Urban Geography 19(1): 68-76. Abstract: A survey of 102 residents of two inner-city areas in New Jersey that are stressed by crime, blight, and other serious problems measured residents' values and activities in support of their neighborhoods. Strong values were associated with older female respondents who had strong religious convictions and who did not trust science and experts. Multiple neighborhood actions. were prevalent among older respondents who did not trust science and experts, were optimistic, had a strong internal sense of control, had taken actions to protect their personal health, and were troubled by abandoned houses in the neighborhood. Thirteen of the 102 respondents had taken many actions, had strong values, and shared similar personality and demographic attributes. The characteristics of this multiple activity group are compared to conventional assertions about the characteristics of Americans engaged in civic activities. |
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Urban angler's perceptions of risk from contaminated fish Author: Pflugh K.K., Other Author(s): L. Lurig, L. A. vonHagen, S. vonHagen and J. Burger. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1999 Citation: Science of the Total Environment 228: 203-218. Abstract: The Newark Bay Complex includes the Newark Bay, tidal portions of the Hackensack River, Passaic River, Arthur Kill, and Kill van Kull. It is a highly industrialized urban area including five counties and more than 20 local governments with a large racially-mixed population of more than 3 million people. In 1982, research conducted by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) showed elevated levels of chemical contaminants in five species of fish and one type of crab in the Newark Bay Complex. Subsequently, the State of New Jersey adopted advisories to guide citizens on safe consumption practices for fish and crabs. Since then, fish consumption advisories have been issued primarily through the Fish and Game Digest, a publication distributed by the state to licensed anglers. However, anglers in the Complex are not required to have a fishing license because the waters are marine. Therefore, most anglers in this area do not receive advisory information. To gain greater insight into the information sources and risk perceptions of urban anglers, a survey was conducted of 300 anglers at 26 fishing and crabbing locations in the Newark Bay Complex during the summer and early fall of 1995. The objectives of the study were to learn anglers': (1) knowledge of fish consumption advisories; (2) belief in the advisories; (3) perception of how safe fish are to eat; (4) sources for information about fish and fishing; and (5) sources for information on fish consumption advisories. The study concluded that while 60% had heard about advisories, they either did not believe or were unconcerned about health effects from eating contaminated species. In addition, the most used source for information about fish and fishing was other fishermen, while newspapers were selected as a source for information about community news, health, and food safety. |
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Using time intervals between expected events to communicate risk magnitudes Author: Weinstein, N.D., Other Author(s): K. Kolb, and B.D. Goldstein. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Risk Analysis 16(3): 305-308. Abstract: Because members of the public have difficulty understanding risk presented in terms of odds ratios (e.g., 1 in 1000) and in comparing odds ratios from different hazards, we examined the use of time intervals between expected harmful events to communicate risk. Perceptions of the risk from a hypothetical instance of naturally-occurring, cancer-causing arsenic in drinking water supplies was examined with a sample of 705 homeowners. The risk was described as either 1 in 1000 or 1 in 100,000 and as present in a town of 2000 people or a city of 200,000 people. With these parameters, the time intervals ranged from 1 expected death in 3500 years (1 in 100,000 risk, small town) to 1 death every 4 months (1 in 1000 risk, city). The addition of time intervals to the odds ratios significantly decreased perceived threat and perceived need for action in the small town but did not affect response for the city. These framing effects were nearly as large as a 100-fold difference in actual risk. Instances when this communication approach may be useful are discussed. |
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Weighing the risks and the benefits: A call for the empirical assessment of perceived teratogenic risk Author: Polifka, J.E., Other Author(s): E.M. Faustman, and N. Neil. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Reproductive Toxicology 11(4): 633-640. Abstract: Pregnant women are often faced with complex decisions about whether to undergo medical treatment or continue working in an occupational setting that is permeated with hazardous chemicals. The task for these women is to weigh the benefits of these activities against the potential risks that they may have on the developing embryo. Scientific uncertainty with respect to the teratogenicity of drugs and chemicals in humans leaves health care professionals and their pregnant patients with little predictive information. Cognitive research has shown that it is difficult for people to make complex decisions, particularly when the risks are uncertain. Although the problems inherent in counseling pregnant women regarding teratogenic risk are not new, little time has been devoted to the empiric assessment of how people perceive teratogenic risk and how teratogenic risk information can be best communicated. This article explores the variables that have been found, through psychometric research, to influence people's perception of risk and how cognitive models derived from these studies may be applicable to teratogen information counseling. Understanding the variables that shape the perception of teratogenic risk can help health care professionals improve how they communicate these risks to their patients. Improved teratogenic risk communication will result in better management of pregnancies and reduction of costly litigation that ensues when risks are not properly communicated and understood. |
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What transportation modeling needs from a GIS: A conceptual framework Author: McCormack, E., Other Author(s): and T.L. Nyerges. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1997 Citation: Journal of Transportation Planning and Technology 21: 5-23. Abstract: Both the geographic information system (GIS) and transportation modeling environments have seen continually developing analytic concepts and techniques. However, these developments have seldom resulted in the integration of GISs and transportation models. This paper explores the potential inherent in merging of these environments through a systematic investigation of the fundamental basis of integration. To do this, the traditional four step transportation modeling process is extended to include input and output steps. We then define functional components for GIS data handling--data management, manipulation, and analysis. The steps of modeling are matched against the list of GIS data handling functions within a matrix-based framework. GIS functions that enhance a land-use based urban transportation modeling process are then categorized. Conclusions are drawn and directions for future developments are discussed. |
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Who holds the stakes? A case study of stakeholder identification at two nuclear weapons production Sites Author: Boiko, P.E., Other Author(s): R.L Morrill, J.M. Flynn, E.M. Faustman, G. van Belle, and G.S. Omenn. Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 1996 Citation: Risk Analysis 16(2): 237-249. Abstract: Traditional risk assessments, including those involving the United States Department of Energy (USDOE), are often criticized for producing useless or noncredible management responses because they did not meaningfully involve the public. The first step to involve the public is to identify appropriate active participants (stakeholders). This study was done to understand the processes used to identify stakeholders to serve on advisory boards established at the two largest remediation sites in the United States: the Hanford Nuclear Reservation in Washington state and the Savannah River Site in South Carolina. The Hanford stakeholder identification process produced an interest-based board whereas the Savannah River Sim strategy produced population-based representation. The basic goals of the stakeholder advisory groups were similar. However, different processes were used to identify the participants for the groups in part because of distinctly different social and cultural conditions in the areas affected by the operations of the two facilities, and in part because of the different level of trust of the USDOE and their contractors at Hanford compared with Savannah River. The discussion analyzes their different needs and potential for successful citizen participation. |
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Why the concept of hormesis has not been incorporated into mainstream radiation health theory: Radiation perspective Author: Upton, A.C. Other Author(s): Document Type: CRESP Published Manuscripts Publication Date: 2000 Citation: Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 6(2):249-271. Abstract: Although adaptive and reparative responses to radiation were recognized in the early decades of this century, mutations and chromosome aberrations were subsequendy observed to increase as linear-nonthreshold functions of the dose at low-to-intermediate levels of exposure. For certain cancers, likewise, although the dose-response relationships in humans and laboratory animals have been observed to vary, depending on the type of neoplasm, the dose, dose rate, and LET of the radiation, the age, sex, and genetic background of the exposed population, and other variables, the existing data have been interpreted to suggest that the risks may not depart significantly from linearity at low doses and low dose rates. Hence, although the available data do not exclude alternative dose-response relationships, the linear-nonthreshold model has generally come to be used as a basis for assessing the risks of low-level irradiation for purposes of radiation protection. While the use of this model has generally been considered to be prudent on the basis of the precautionary principle, the possibility that the model may grossly overestimate the risks of low-level irradiation remains to be excluded. Therefore, especially in the light of the growing evidence that adaptive responses may protect against the effects of small doses of radiation, further research to clarify the relevant dose-response relationships is strongly indicated. |